1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 40 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Poor People Also Can Have a Lawsuit in AmericanAmericas courts are built on a system of rules and procedures that assume that almost everyone who comes t
2、o court has a lawyer. Unfortunately, the reality is quite different. An increasing number of civil cases go forward without lawyers. Litigants who cannot afford a lawyer, and either do not qualify for legal aid or are unable to have a lawyer assigned to them because of dwindling budgets, are on thei
3、r own prose. Whats more, theyre often on their in cases involving life-altering situations like divorce, child custody and loss of shelter.As the economy has worsened, the ranks of the self-represented poor have expanded. In a recent informal study conducted by the Self-Represented Litigation Networ
4、k, about half the judges who responded reported a greater number of prose litigants as a result of the economic crisis. Unrepresented litigants now also include many in the middle class and small-business owners who unexpectedly find themselves in distress and without sufficient resources to pay for
5、 the legal assistance they need.As judges, we believe more needs to be done to meet this growing challenge: an inaccessible, overburdened justice system serves none of us well. California took a major step forward when it became the first state to recognize as a goal the right to counsel in certain
6、civil cases. But this is only a beginning. It is essential that we promote other efforts to close the “justice gap“. One such effort involves the “unbundling“ of legal services. Forty-one states have adopted a model rule drafted by the American Bar Association, or similar provisions, which allow law
7、yers to take only part of a case, a cost-saving practice known as “limited-scope representation“ that is responsive to new realities.Traditionally, lawyers have been required to stay with a case from beginning to end, unless a court has excused them from this obligation. Now, in those states that ex
8、plicitly or implicitly allow unbundling, people or businesses can hire a lawyer to help them fill out forms, to prepare documents, to coach them on how to present in court or to appear in court for hearings. What could be wrong with this? Well, some lawyers have expressed concern that limited legal
9、representation will encourage litigants to dissect their cases in an effort to save money, sacrificing quality representation that the litigant might otherwise be able to afford. We have also heard the argument that by offering too much assistance to self-represented litigants, the courts themselves
10、 are undermining the value of lawyers and the legal profession. Apparently, some are concerned that the court system will become so user-friendly that there will be no need for lawyers.1 The passage mainly talks about_.（A）the influence of crisis on U.S. court system（B） the defects of Americas court
11、system（C） the different ways to apply for a lawyer（D）new rules concerned with lawyer service2 From the first paragraph, we can learn that_.（A）it is illegal if litigants dont have a lawyer in America courts（B） the number of self-represented litigants is increasing（C） Americas court system is built on
12、 the basis of meeting the reality（D）litigants can only pay for the legal assistance by themselves3 According to the author, what change has been made because of the economic crisis?（A）The number of prose litigants has been enlarged.（B） The cases about economic dispute have increased.（C） Many prose l
13、itigants lost the case without lawyer.（D）Half of the prose litigants are a result of the crisis.4 The “unbundling“ of legal services (Line 10, Para. 3) means that_.（A）a lawyer is excused from his obligation by a court（B） a lawyer may take the whole case（C） the cost for litigants to have a lawyer mig
14、ht be lower（D）litigants can only hire a lawyer to do some trifle things5 Why do many people worry about the rule of limited legal representation?（A）Because the rule might harm the interest of lawyers.（B） Because the rule has helped litigants too much.（C） Because the rule might lower lawyers income.（
15、D）Because the rule neglects the importance of lawyers.5 The Social Changes Transformed Todays GrandparentsThe grand has been taken out of grandparent, leaving grandparents with all the responsibilities of raising a child. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, 3.7 million grandparents had grandchildr
16、en living with them, about 35% without a parent present. They cross social, economic and religious lines, and their numbers are rising.Grandparents are often the safety net that catches children whom parents, fate and society failbut not without strain to the net. If raising a child changes your lif
17、e, raising a grandchild turns it upside down. Isolation is a common complaint among second-time parents. Social lives dwindle, as grandparents dont fit in with younger parents yet cant bring children to senior events. Late-life dreams get put on hold, while the expenses of child rearing create new f
18、inancial challenges.There is also emotional effect; fear of losing a child to disfunctional parents, grief at losing the grandparent role, and anger at the adult child who wont parent. And there is the simple reality of age. “Im not 25 anymore,“ says a 51-year-old grandmother. “Physically, I cant do
19、 the things that a mom and a dad can do. We have the care, but we dont have the youth.“Likely as not, the children themselves are victims of emotional hurt. “These children are suffering profound loss,“ says Sylvie de Toledo, founder of Grandparents as Parents (GAP), a California support network. “T
20、hey come with everything from emotional, behavioral, academic and medical problems to physical disabilities from prenatal substance abuse.“Finally, these recycled parents are often forced to negotiate with an unfamiliar bureaucracy, seeking welfare assistance or legal custody, enrolling kids in scho
21、ol or getting medical care. “The underlying problem is that they dont understand what their rights are and nobody can tell them,“ says Gerard Wallace, director of the Grandparent Caregiver Law Center in New York. There is little in law books to help; attorneys and social workers are often unsure bow
22、 existing laws apply.What helps? Social workers and attorneys who strive to understand. Lawmakers who consider the needs of this population. And support groups, like GAP and those run by New Yorks department for the aging, that offer resources and reduce isolation. Vickie Corbett, who lives with her
23、 grandchildren, started her own group in Rocky Mountain, N. C. , for that reason. “Honest to goodness, it saved my life,“ she says.But Corbett also admits that her unexpected job has its rewards. “The best part,“ she says, “is when her granddaughter says after a bad day, you know I love you and Gran
24、dpa more than anything in the world , and that makes it OK. “ Some parts of being a parent are worth repeating.6 Which of the following is not “strain“ when grandparents raise their grandchildren?（A）Isolation.（B） Abandoning of late-life dreams.（C） Financial challenges.（D）Safety concerns.7 What is th
25、e fundamental problem of these recycled parents?（A）They do not recognize their rights clearly.（B） They have to seek additional assistance from outside.（C） They have to cross social, economic and religious line.（D）They are currently confronted with age problem.8 The recycled parents could turn to tho
26、se for help EXCEPT_.（A）legislators who focus on these people（B） support groups for the aging（C） the U. S. Census Bureau（D）grandparents as Parents support network9 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?（A）Grandparents will sacrifice a little raising grandchildren.（B） Grandparents ac
27、tually get some benefits from grandparenting.（C） The recycled parents cant seek help from social workers and attorneys.（D）Children from the recycled parents family have an competitive edge.10 Which of the following can be best title for this passage?（A）Grandparents Need Help（B） Sufferings of Grandch
28、ildren（C） Methods Needed to Save Grandchildren（D）The Changing of Grandparents Social Role10 DepressionA study led by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania indicates that the antidepressants work no better than placebos for people with mild to moderate depression. It sounded true. After all,
29、any number of experts have argued that antidepressants are over-hyped and oversold. Yet in all the excitement about the study, a more slightly different and truer story about mental health care in America was all hut lost.That story begins to take shape when you consider what the new study actually
30、said: Antidepressants do work for very severely depressed people, as well as for those whose mild depression is chronic. However, the researchers found, the pills dont work for people who arent really depressed people with short-term, minor depression whose problems tend to get better on their own.
31、For many of them, its often been observed, merely participating in a drug trial can be antidepressant enough.After all, people who are depressed for the first time, or have been depressed for only a short time, or are upset after a personal setback, arent considered ideal candidates for immediate dr
32、ug therapy. And, contrary to popular belief, theres no evidence that most psychiatrists regularly prescribe pills straight off to people who can get better by reading about depression, exercising or doing nothing. What numbers do exist, said Peter Kramer, who has written extensively on antidepressan
33、t use, indicate that relatively few people with minimal depression leave psychiatrists offices with a prescription.That people have come to believe otherwise may be in part because most patients with depression are treated by general practitioners, not psychiatrists. Studies have shown that these pr
34、imary care doctors dont seriously enough screen their patients for depression before prescribing drugs, or closely monitor their care afterward.And here the truer story about mental health care in America begins to unfold. The trouble is not that the drugs dont work; its that the health care is not
35、very good.Inadequate treatment by nonspecialists is only a piece of the problem. In fact, most Americans with depression, rather than being over medicated, are undertreated or not treated at all. This might have been big news, too, had anyone noticed another academic study, a survey of nearly 16,000
36、 people published in The Archives of General Psychiatry, which looked more broadly at the picture of depression in America. The survey found that those who did get care were given psychotherapy more often than drugs. That finding might give heart to those who would prefer to see more alternatives to
37、 psychiatric drugs, if it werent for the fact that so much psychotherapy is so bad.In 2008, a team of psychologists brought this point home in blunt terms in the journal Psychological Science in the Public Interest. “Despite the availability of highly effective interventions,“ they wrote, “relativel
38、y few psychologists learn or practice these interventions. “11 Which of the following is TRUE according to the first two paragraphs?（A）The antidepressant works when treating people with mild depression.（B） Those with chronic minor depression tend to recover on their own.（C） The short-term and mild d
39、epression needs no external treatment.（D）Experts statements promote the consumption of antidepressant.12 According to the passage, people tend to believe_.（A）psychiatrists usually prescribe pills to people with mild depression（B） relatively few people with minor depression received a prescription（C）
40、 merely trying the antidepressant can be overdose for mild depressed patients（D）people who get the first depression can be a candidate for drug therapy13 What makes people hold the “popular belief“ ?（A）Psychiatrists do not examine their patients carefully enough.（B） Monitoring patients care afterwar
41、d is ignored by psychiatrists.（C） It is usually general practitioners who treat depressed patients.（D）Most depressed patients have no idea about their own conditions.14 What is the truth of mental heath care in America according to the passage?（A）Most treatment to depression is delivered by nonspeci
42、alists.（B） People with depression often lack adequate treatment.（C） Drugs prescribed by psychiatrists usually take no effect at all.（D）The professional quality of primary care doctor is relatively low.15 What makes psychotherapy “bad“ according to the passage?（A）Most patients choose psychiatric drug
43、s first.（B） Psychologists do not apply the highly effective interventions.（C） The depressed patients receive no psychotherapy at all.（D）The mental heath care system needs to be improved further.15 Scientist s Discovered of Water on the MoonOver the past year,scientists have found more and more convi
44、ncing evidence that the moon, once thought desert dry, holds significant amounts of water ice within the deep, eternally dark craters near the south pole. The evidence turned conclusive with the deliberate crash of a NASA spacecraft into one of the craters last October, kicking up about 26 gallons o
45、f water.The effort was focused on the south pole, with its larger and deeper craters, but last week, scientists reported there is also ice in craters near the north pole. And not just a dusting of frost. Within 40 small craters, one to nine miles wide,they estimated 600 million metric tons of water.
46、 Perhaps most notably, “It has to be relatively pure,“ said Paul Spudis, the principal investigator for the instrument that made the discovery.That is significant, because the ice in these craters could be easily tapped by future lunar explorersnot just for drinking water, but also broken apart into
47、 oxygen for breathing and hydrogen for fuel. In the previous findings, scientists could not rule out the possibility that the water was sparse or locked up within rocks and difficult to extract.Dr. Spudis, a scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, said he guessed the water ice in
48、the north polar craters might be 90 percent pure. He said the team was currently analyzing data covering the south pole craters. The findings were reported at the Lunar and Planetary Science conference last week and will appear in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.A similar experiment in 1994
49、 aboard the Clementine probe, a joint effort between NASA and the Department of Defense, first revealed hints of water ice near the south pole, but the interpretation of the data remained controversial. The newer instrument is much more sensitive, and another copy of the experiment is currently operating aboard NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.In addition to the water near the poles, scientists also reported that a very thin layer of water covers much of the lunar surface. Water, it appears, no
