1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 410 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Parents of children who happily eat whats put in front of them might assume their kids are well nourished. But two new studies drive home the importance
2、 of varying that diet. Deficiencies of vitamin D, omega-3 fats, and other healthful compounds are common; it turns outand consequential.Growing evidence links vitamin D deficiency not only to weak bones but also to impaired immunity, asthma, and diabetes among other problems. And some of the latest
3、research finds that rates of asthma and related respiratory problems climb in kids who are short on other commonly missing essentials, including vitamins C and E and omega-3 fatty acids.A team at the Harvard School of Public Health evaluated the diet and respiratory(relating to the process of breath
4、ing)health of some 2,000 North American high school seniors and found that teens who lack of fruit, vegetables, and other healthful foods were most likely to have problems such as coughing, panting, episodes of bronchitis, and asthma.Vitamins C and E, which are abundant in fruit and dark-green veget
5、ables, may “protect the lung from stress,“ says Harvard research fellow and study leader Jane Burns. Omega-3 reduces inflammation, a key feature of asthma, in which airways swell and make breathing difficult. Oily fish like salmon, mackerel, and tunaas well as cod-liver oilare rich in both omega-3 a
6、nd vitamin D. Vitamin D can also be obtained from multivitamin milk and sunshineand many kids should be getting more of both.In another new study, researchers found that 55 percent of outwardly healthy children and teenagers they tested didnt have enough vitamin D to grow healthy bones. Dark-skinned
7、 children were particularly likely to be short of the bone-building vitamin, according to Babette Zemel, an author of the study and director of the Nutrition and Growth Laboratory at Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia. The melanin(a natural dark brown colour in human skin, hair, and eyes)that makes
8、their skin dark also blocks ultraviolet rays, which the body uses to make vitamin D. In winter, when the sun was weakest, more than 90 percent of blacks in the study were vitamin D deficient.Researchers suggest pointing kids outside, and waiting a few minutes before putting on sun block; 10 minutes
9、of midday summer sun provides 10,000 international units of the vitaminmore than enough for a day. Like melanin, sunblock prevents the skin from making vitamin D, so a bit of lotion-free exposure is necessary to grab the benefit.1 What can we infer from the first paragraph?（A）Parents will always fee
10、d their children well.（B） Kids who eat more are less likely to suffer from malnutrition.（C） Kids should have access to diets of healthful nutrients.（D）Deficiencies of certain compounds are harmful or even deadly.2 Vitamin D deficiency will probably result in（A）less bone fractures.（B） dark-colored sk
11、ins.（C） suppressed immunity.（D）inability to breathe.3 The study on the relationship between diet and respiratory health is to verify that teens（A）will fall ill for the lack of fruits or vegetables intake.（B） will be guarded against lung stress and other similar problems.（C） are most likely to become
12、 the victims of respiratory illness.（D）are not easily affected in terms of cough and asthma.4 According to the text, dark-skinned kids are particularly short of vitamin D in that the dark skin（A）has more melanin that consumes more vitamin D.（B） absorbs more ultraviolet rays, thus killing the melanin
13、.（C） can only produce units of the vitamin when the sun was strong.（D）has more melanin that blocks ultraviolet rays, reducing vitamin D production.5 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）Kids Lacking in Nutrients（B） Malnourished Families（C） More Sunblock, Less Vitamin D（D）He
14、alth and Nature5 Perhaps the most ambitious long-term health study ever planned by the National Institutes of Health(NET)has been hit by a NASA style price shock: Once estimated at $3 Billion over 25 years, the actual cost could be twice that much. The problem became public last week at a Capitol Hi
15、ll hearing on the NIH budget. Acting NIH Director Raynard Kington said he has launched a high-level review of the plan to track the health of 100,000 children from before birth to age 21 and that the study will likely be scaled back.The National Childrens Study(NCS)grew out of a 2000 congressional d
16、irective to NIH to determine how environmental influences, from chemical contaminants to video games, shape the development of children and affect diseases such as autism and obesity. Researchers plan to recruit a diverse group of pregnant mothers at 105 sites around the United States by knocking on
17、 randomly selected doors. Congress provided $192 million in funding this year to set up the sites and launch a pilot study.Kington says he became concerned In early January after being informed of his staffs latest cost projections. It was since then that Kington realized “there was a fundamental pr
18、oblem in estimating the true costs.“ In order to turn things around, Kington has now added “greatly heightened oversight.“ That includes asking Claude Lenfant, former director of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, to return to NIH as his adviser on the study. NIH will also take a longer
19、pause than originally planned after the 1-year pilot, which began in January at two of seven sites, to revise the protocol and reassess the costs.When trimming begins, Kington says he hopes the 100,000 sample size will be “the last thing“ considered for cuts. But the size, number of hypotheses, and
20、the protocols are all on the table. Pediatrician Philip Landrigan, who helped conceive the NCS, hopes not to lose components such as in-home detailed assessments of each childs development which are expensive. “Were just waiting to see how this works out,“ says Landrigan, whose team has knocked on m
21、ore than 1000 doors in Queens and found that many women seem interested.The budget problems come as no surprise to former NIH Director Elias Zerhouni, who wanted to avoid funding for the NCS. Zerhouni says he had “severe reservations“ about the potential cost and felt NIH should complete the pilot b
22、efore any decisions were made about proceeding with the full study. Instead, “Congress interfered“ by providing the money to move ahead anyway. “It was political management,“ Zerhouni says, and “I dont think people should be shocked“ at the result.6 It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that the most
23、ambitious long-term health study（A）was planned in a NASA style.（B） has met personnel problems.（C） will be halted for its huge cost.（D）is very likely to reduce budget.7 National Childrens Study aims to（A）recruit pregnant mothers as main subjects to study the environment.（B） confirm 105 sites around t
24、he US are suitable for pilot studies.（C） verify whether environmental pollution causes various disease.（D）explore the link between environment and the growth of children.8 After being informed of the latest cost projections, Kington（A）asked his staff to report on the latest cost figures.（B） asked Cl
25、aude Lenfant to resume his post in NIH.（C） decided that NIH would end the pilot until costs are reevaluated.（D）agreed that NIH would take a while to amend the project.9 Which of the following is true of the trimming?（A）The number of hypotheses would be decreased.（B） The sample size would be finalize
26、d later on.（C） The protocols would be the focus of discussion.（D）In-home assessments would be prolonged.10 Former NIH Director Elias Zerhouni（A）felt it reckless to complete the pilot.（B） had foreseen such a serious cost problem.（C） thought it was time to make the final decision.（D）maintained that Co
27、ngress interference was no good.10 The clean-energy business is turning into the next big investment boom, in which risks are lightly ignored. Until recently, recalls Charlie Gay, a 30-year veteran of the solar-power business, venture capitalists were far too busy catering to captains of the informa
28、tion-technology industry to waste time on “hippy-dippy tree-huggers“ like himself. But now the tree-huggers are in the ascendant and the IT barons are busy investing in clean-energy technology.Investors are falling over themselves to finance start-ups in clean technology, especially in energy. Ventu
29、re Business Research reckons that investment in the field by venture capitalists and private-equity firms has quadrupled in the past two years, from some $500m in 2004 to almost $2 billion so far this year. The share of venture capital going into clean energy is rising rapidly.Clean-energy fever is
30、being fuelled by three things: high oil prices, fears over energy security and a growing concern about global warming. The provision of energy, the industrys cheerleaders say, will change radically over the coming decades. Polluting coal- and gas-fired power stations will give way to cleaner alterna
31、tives such as solar and wind; fuels derived from plants and waste will replace petrol and diesel; and small, local forms of electricity generation will replace big power stations feeding far-flung grids. Eventually, it is hoped, fuel cells running on hydrogen will take the place of the internal comb
32、ustion engine which is available everywhere. It is a bold vision, but if it happens very slowly, or only to a limited extent, boosters argue that it will still prompt tremendous growth for firms in the business.Analysts confidently predict the clean-energy business will grow by 20-30% a year for a d
33、ecade. Jefferies, an investment bank that organized a recent conference on the industry in London, asked participants how soon solar power would become competitive with old-fashioned generation technologies: in 2010, 2015 or 2020. About three-quarters of those present, one visitor happily observed,
34、were “cheque-writers“. This “megatrend“, the keynote speaker advocated, “may be the biggest job- and wealth-creation opportunity of the 21st century.“Such exaggeration might remind people of dotcom bubble. But clean-energy advocates insist growth is sustainable because of the likes of Mr. Schwarzene
35、gger. The Governor is a hero in green circles because of his enthusiasm for environmental regulation. He easily won re-election partly because he seized on global warming as a concern and signed into lawAmericas first wide-ranging scheme to cap greenhouse-gas emissions.11 According to the first two
36、paragraphs, we can learn that（A）clean energy business is booming while the risks are totally overlooked.（B） venture capitalists have wasted much money on “hippy-dippy tree hungers“.（C） clean energy business is surging and changes the venture capital market.（D）the information-technology industry is c
37、orrespondingly shrinking fast.12 Which of the following is true of Paragraph 3?（A）Clean energy fever is fuelled mainly by human psychological weakness.（B） The energy provision for the coming decades will undergo rapid changes.（C） Hydrogen as a new energy will replace traditional energy forms like co
38、al, and gas.（D）Supporters of clean energy business are pretty optimistic about its future.13 The word “cheque-writers“(Lines 4-5, Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to（A）tycoons.（B） donators.（C） investors.（D）celebrities.14 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（A）clean energy industry and th
39、e dotcom industry have the same business model.（B） the dotcom industry might have undergone a rapid but unsustainable development.（C） Schwarzenegger has insisted that growth in clean energy business is sustainable.（D）global warming has become a popular and decisive issue in political elections.15 Wh
40、at is the authors attitude towards clean energy business?（A）Optimistic.（B） Enthusiastic.（C） Objective.（D）Subjective.15 Bankruptcy rates in the U.S. have been growing for more than two decades despite generally rising levels of personal income. The most prominent explanation puts the blame directly o
41、n credit cards, which became vastly more popular in the past 30 years. University of Pennsylvania law professor David A. Skeel notes that a 1978 Supreme Court decision allowed credit-card companies to charge the interest rate allowed in their state of incorporation. As a result, many incorporated in
42、 the high-rate states of Delaware and South Dakota. Being able to charge high rates throughout the country, they could afford to issue cards to those with limited ability to repay. Many high-risk cardholders, overburdened with debt, filed for bankruptcy.Skeel also notes that the impersonality of cre
43、dit-card borrowing may have helped weaken the moral imperative to repay debts: in the 1960s a prospective borrower met face-to-face with a bank lending officer, but today the borrower gets credit by responding to a junk-mail offer.Other developments also fueled the rise in bankruptcy, including medi
44、cal bills. A Harvard University study found that about a quarter of filers cited illness or injury as the specific reason for their troubles. Loss of jobs probably also drove some credit-card holders into bankruptcy. Other possible contributors include the growth of the gambling industry in recent y
45、ears and the Supreme Courts 1977 decision to allow lawyers to advertise directly to the general public.Changes in bankruptcy law apparently have had little effect on filings. The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 was designed to make it easier for consumers to pay off debts and start anew. As under prev
46、ious acts, penniless debtors could file for complete discharge of debts under Chapter 7, and debtors with substantial assets could arrange for partial repayment under Chapter 13. Most filers opted for the more generous provisions of Chapter 7. During the six years following implementation of the act
47、, filings rose substantially. The act was amended in 1984 to curb opportunistic petitions. However, filings went in the opposite direction than expected. Evidently, easy credit and other debt-creating forces have been more powerful.The latest legal effort is the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consu
48、mer Protection Act of 2005, which went into effect in October. The new act lays down far more strict standards for debtors, including a test to qualify for Chapter 7 relief. Despite the new restrictions, bankruptcy experts tend to be skeptical or noncommittal about the effectiveness in reducing fili
49、ngs.16 According to Paragraph 1, bankruptcy rates in the U.S. have been increasing mainly because（A）having credit cards was a fashionable trend in the 1970s.（B） credit-card companies charged only those unable to repay high rates.（C） many indebted people easily claimed bankruptcy throughout the country.（D）many credit card holders pressed by debt have filed for bankruptcy.17 By saying “the impersonality of credit-card borrowing“(Line 1, Paragraph 2), the author implies that（A）e-mails have taken over interpersonal communications.（B） face-to-face interviews with bankers w
