1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 428 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 John Stuart Mill argued in the 19th century that an individual should be free to do as he pleased, so long as he did not harm anyone else. The ban on sm
2、oking in pubs, bars and company carsin effect, in all enclosed public spacesthat came into effect in England in 2007 was informed by such thinking. Brought in to protect the health of non-smokers who worked in or frequented such places, it seems to have worked. Research published on June 9th this ye
3、ar shows that, since the ban, fewer people have been admitted to hospital with symptoms of a heart attack.Second-hand smoke from a burning cigarette is far more noxious than the nicotine-infused fumes inhaled by the smoker. In the minutes after a neighbor has lit a cigarette, a passive smokers chanc
4、es of suffering an immediate heart attack rise rapidly as toxins in the fug make his blood stickier. His long-term risk also rises, as narrowing arteries threaten him with heart disease and his chances of developing lung cancer and numerous other nasties also increase.Anna Gilmore of the University
5、of Bath and her colleagues looked at how many people were admitted to hospital with a heart attack in England between 2002 and 2008. About 110,000 people are struck down each year; almost a fifth of them die before they reach hospital, and a further tenth within a month of going into one. Ms Gilmore
6、 and her team found that, in the 12 months after the smoking ban came into force, some 1,200 fewer people were admitted to hospital with heart attacks than even the prevailing downward trend had suggested was likely. That drop of 2.4% saved 8.4m in emergency hospital care.When the ban took effect, E
7、ngland was the largest jurisdiction to forbid smoking in enclosed public spaces. Studying a large population tends to give a more accurate result than studies of smaller places such as Scotland, parts of Italy and New York state, where more impressive reductions have been claimed. When the town of H
8、elena, in Montana, banned smoking for six months, for example, hospital admissions for heart attacks almost halved from seven to less than four a month. Ms Gilmore reckons her figure, which covers far more people, is more robust.Because heart disease is the most common cause of death in wealthy coun
9、tries, even a relatively small reduction in heart attacks is good news for a great many people. In Britain, the freedom to smoke remains, but not at the expense of others.1 Which of the following behaviors would John Stuart Mill most probably approve?（A）Indulging in candy and ice-cream.（B） Snoring d
10、uring a conference.（C） Keeping a stray child to ones own.（D）Enjoying oneself drunk driving.2 According to Paragraph 1, the ban on smoking in England（A）is applicable to all public places.（B） was proposed by John Stuart Mill.（C） aims to protect the smokers health.（D）has achieved some good results.3 Se
11、cond-hand smoke from a burning cigarette（A）consists of nicotine-infused fumes.（B） wont be inhaled by passive smokers.（C） increases its inhalers disease risk.（D）produces toxins in the inhalers blood.4 Its indicated in Paragraph 3 that the smoking ban（A）was brought into force in 2008.（B） reduces 1200
12、heart attacks per year.（C） drops heart attacks by 2.4% in 2008.（D）fulfills its purpose beyond expectation.5 Anna Gilmore regard their research as more convincing in that it（A）is authorized by the largest jurisdiction.（B） has a broader coverage of study subjects.（C） is believed by many to be more acc
13、urate.（D）is conducted in more specific places.5 Is athlete prowess attained or innate? Those who have suffered the scolding of a tyrannical games master at school might be forgiven for doubting the idea that anyone and everyone is capable of great sporting achievement, if only they would put enough
14、effort into it. Practice may make perfect, but not all are built in ways that make it worth bothering in the first place.The latest evidence of this truth has been gathered by Sabrina Lee of Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and Stephen Piazza at Pennsylvania State University. They have looked at
15、 the anatomy of sprinters and found that their feet are built differently from those of couch potatoes.They looked at seven university splinters who specialize in the 100-metre dash and five 200-metre specialists, and compared them with 12 non-athletic university students of the same height. In part
16、icular, they looked at the sizes of bones of the toes and heel. They also used ultrasonic scanning to measure the sliding motion of the Achilles tendons(the tendon inside the back of your leg just above your heel)of their volunteers as their feet moved up and down. This allowed them to study the len
17、gth of the lever created by the tendon as it pulls on the back of the heel to make the foot bend and push off the ground.Dr Lee and Dr Piazza found that the toes of their sprinters averaged 8.2cm in length, while those of non-sprinters averaged 7.3cm. The length of the lever of bone that the Achille
18、s tendon pulls on also differed, being a quarter shorter in sprinters. These findings suggest sprinters get better contact with the ground by having longer toes. That makes sense, as it creates a firmer platform to push against. In a sprint race, acceleration off the block is everything.The reason f
19、or the difference in the Achilles tendons, though, is less immediately obvious. At first sight, sprinters might be expected to have more Achilles leverage than average, not less. First sight, however, is wrong. When muscles have to contract a long way, they usually do so quickly and with little forc
20、e. When contracting short distances, though, they move more slowly and generate more force. Having a short Achilles lever allows the muscles that pull on the tendon to generate as much as 40% more force than the same muscles in a non-sprinter would be able to manage.It is possiblejustthat these anat
21、omical differences are the result of long and rigorous training., But it is unlikely. Far more probable is that the old saying of coaches, that great sprinters are born not made, is true. Everyone else, games masters included, should just get used to the idea.6 According to Paragraph 1, the idea tha
22、t practice makes perfect（A）is suspected by all the athletes.（B） owes success to efforts rather than gifts.（C） explains the brilliant skills of most athletes.（D）isnt accepted by tyrannical games masters.7 Dr Lee and Dr Piazza found that the feet of the sprinters are different from those of（A）unskille
23、d coaches.（B） clumsy athletes.（C） exerciseless non-athletes.（D）specialists from other fields.8 Longer toes of a sprinter are helpful in that they enable him to（A）touch the ground more safely.（B） contract muscles more quickly.（C） have a better starting speed.（D）generate more force in the feet.9 We ca
24、n learn from this text that the advantages of a sprinter come from（A）his longer toes and shorter lever of bone.（B） his special feet as a result of years of practice.（C） his stronger muscles and better endurance.（D）his professional training and inborn gifts.10 Which of the following best summarizes t
25、he text?（A）Perfection will come through practice.（B） Athletes are made by inspiration and hard training.（C） Hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence.（D）Excellent athletes are born rather than made.10 It may not be obvious, but hearing two languages regularly during pregnancy puts infants on
26、the road to bilingualism by birth. According to new findings in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, infants born to bilingual mothers exhibit different language preferences than infants born to mothers speaking only one language.Psychological scientists Kri
27、sta Byers-Heinlein and Janet F. Werker from the University of British Columbia along with Tracey Burns of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in France wanted to investigate language preference and discrimination in newborns. Two groups of newborns were tested in these experim
28、ents: English monolinguals(whose mothers spoke only English during pregnancy)and Tagalog-English bilinguals(whose mothers spoke both Tagalog, a language spoken in the Philippines, and English regularly during pregnancy). The researchers employed a method known as “high-amplitude sucking-preference p
29、rocedure“ to study the infants language preferences. This method capitalizes on the newborns sucking reflexincreased sucking indicates interest in a stimulus. In the first experiment, infants heard 10 minutes of speech, with every minute alternating between English and Tagalog.Results showed that En
30、glish monolingual infants were more interested in English than Tagalogthey exhibited increased sucking behavior when they heard English than when they heard Tagalog being spoken. However, bilingual infants had an equal preference for both English and Tagalog. These results suggest that prenatal bili
31、ngual exposure may affect infants language preferences, preparing bilingual infants to listen to and learn about both of their native languages.To learn two languages, bilingual newborns must also be able to keep their languages apart. To test if bilingual infants are able to discriminate between th
32、eir two languages, infants listened to sentences being spoken in one of the languages until they lost interest. Then, they either heard sentences in the other language or heard sentences in the same language, but spoken by a different person. Infants exhibited increased sucking when they heard the o
33、ther language being spoken. Their sucking did not increase if they heard additional sentences in the same language. These results suggest that bilingual infants, along with monolingual infants, are able to discriminate between the two languages, providing a mechanism from the first moments of life t
34、hat helps ensure bilingual infants do not confuse their two languages.The researchers observe that, “Monolingual newborns preference for their single native language directs listening attention to that language“ and that, “Bilingual newborns interest in both languages helps ensure attention to, and
35、hence further learning about, each of their languages.“ Discrimination of the two languages helps prevent confusion. The results of these studies demonstrate that the roots of bilingualism run deeper than previously imagined, extending even to the prenatal period.11 The purpose of the experiments in
36、 Paragraph 2 is to find out（A）infants sucking reactions to language stimulus.（B） language likings and discerning ability of infants.（C） childrens ability to alternate between two languages.（D）infants sucking preference between different languages.12 In the “high-amplitude sucking-preference procedur
37、e“, stronger language preference is shown by（A）more sucking behaviors.（B） greater speech attentiveness.（C） more exposure to that language.（D）longer sucking time.13 According to Paragraph 3, language learning of an infant（A）begins before it comes into the world.（B） is decided by its mothers language
38、preference.（C） is influenced by its lingual environment before birth.（D）depends on its language preference before birth.14 Which of the following is true of bilingual newborns?（A）They have a preference between the two languages.（B） They only notice a new language.（C） They have more advantage than mo
39、nolingual newborns.（D）They can distinguish between the two languages.15 Bilingual newborns interest in both languages is helpful because it enables them to（A）focus on and better study both languages.（B） keep the two languages apart.（C） obtain longer listening attention.（D）find out the roots of bilin
40、gualism.15 If youre like most people, youre way too smart for advertising. You flip right past newspaper ads and never click on ads online. That, at least, is what we tell ourselves. But what we tell ourselves is nonsense. Advertising works, which is why, even in hard economic times, Madison Avenue
41、is a $34 billion-a-year business. And if Martin Lindstrom, author of the best seller Buyology and a marketing consultant, is correct, trying to tune this stuff out is about to get a whole lot harder.Lindstrom is a practitioner of neuro-marketing research, in which consumers are exposed to ads while
42、hooked up to machines that monitor brain activity, pupil dilation, sweat responses and flickers in facial muscles, all of which are markers of emotion. According to his studies, 83% of all forms of advertising principally engage only one of our senses: sight. Hearing, however, can be just as powerfu
43、l, though advertisers have taken only limited advantage of it. Historically, ads have relied on jingles and slogans to catch our ear, largely ignoring everyday sounds. Weave this stuff into an ad campaign, and we may be powerless to resist it.To figure out what most appeals to our ear, Lindstrom wir
44、ed up his volunteers, then played them recordings of dozens of familiar sounds, from McDonalds ubiquitous “Im Lovin It“ jingle to birds chirping and cigarettes being lit. The sound that blew the doors off all the restboth in terms of interest and positive feelingswas a baby giggling. The other high-
45、ranking sounds, such as the hum of a vibrating cell phone, an ATM dispensing cash, and etc, were less primal but still powerful.In all of these cases, it didnt take a Mad Man to invent the sounds, infuse them with meaning and then play them over and over until the subjects internalized them. Rather,
46、 the sounds already had meaning and thus triggered a cascade of reactions: hunger, thirst, happy anticipation.“Cultural messages that get into your nervous system are very common and make you behave certain ways,“ says neuroscientist Read Montague of Baylor College of Medicine. Advertisers who fail
47、to understand that pay a price. Lindstrom admits to being mystified by TV ads that give viewers close-up food-porn shots of meat on a grill but accompany that with generic jangly guitar music. One of his earlier brain studies showed that numerous regions, jump into action when such discordance occur
48、s, trying to make sense of it. TV advertisers arent the only ones who may start putting sound to greater use, retailers are also catching on. Lindstrom is consulting with clients about employing a similar strategy in European supermarkets.16 According to Paragraph 1, advertising（A）is mainly seen in
49、newspapers or online.（B） has little effect on most people.（C） is affected by economic situation.（D）has an impact hard to ignore.17 Lindstroms studies imply that（A）only sight is needed for understanding advertising.（B） advertisers regard hearing as powerful as sight.（C） jingles and slogans can be very powerful in advertising.（D）combining sight with hearing can make ads more powerful. 18 Which of the following sounds is the most powerful?（A）McDonalds “Im Lovin It“ jingle.（B） The sound of blowing open a door.（C） The giggling sound of a baby.（D）The hum
