1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 451 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Come onEverybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.
2、It usually leads to no gooddrinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals impro
3、ve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIY-prevention init
4、iative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate
5、a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please dont smoke!“ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagersteenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from a
6、dvertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most gl
7、aring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence
8、 on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how succes
9、sfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that s the problem with a social cure
10、engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.1 According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as（A）a supplement to the social cure.（B） a stimulus to group dynamics.（C） an obstacle to social progress.（D）a cause of undesirable behav
11、iors.2 Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should（A）recruit professional advertisers.（B） learn from advertisers experience.（C） stay away from commercial advertisers.（D）recognize the limitations of advertisements.3 In the author s view, Rosenberg s book fails to（A）adequately probe social and
12、 biological factors.（B） effectively evade the flaws of the social cure.（C） illustrate the functions of state funding.（D）produce a long-lasting social effect.4 Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors（A）is harmful to our networks of friends.（B） will mislead behavioral studies.（C） occurs with
13、out our realizing it.（D）can produce negative health habits.5 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is（A）harmful.（B） desirable.（C） profound.（D）questionable.5 Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I
14、 Hate My Life,“ is arousing much chatternothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happin
15、ess: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moo
16、ds can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.“The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptiveand newly single mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “
17、Jennifer Aniston is pregnant“ news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-k
18、illing? It doesnt seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnt have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the
19、 world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several s
20、tudies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own“(read: with round-the-cloc
21、k help)is a piece of cake.It s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-en
22、hancing parenthood arent in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel“ might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.6 Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that r
23、aising a child can bring（A）temporary delight.（B） enjoyment in progress.（C） happiness in retrospect.（D）lasting reward.7 We learn from Paragraph 2 that（A）celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.（B） single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.（C） news about pregnant celebrities is ent
24、ertaining.（D）having children is highly valued by the public.8 It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks（A）are constantly exposed to criticism.（B） are largely ignored by the media.（C） fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.（D）are less likely to be satisfied with their life.9 Accordin
25、g to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is（A）soothing.（B） ambiguous.（C） compensatory.（D）misleading.10 Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?（A）Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.（B） Celebrity moms have influenced our att
26、itude towards child rearing.（C） Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.（D）We. sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.10 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet. If he had pla
27、yed last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obsc
28、uring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, todays people especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generationsapparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they arent l
29、ikely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,“ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increas
30、ingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrientsnotably, proteinto feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and
31、 health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height59“ for men, 54“ for womenhasnt really changed s
32、ince 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal postur
33、e and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,“ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this to happen s
34、oon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you ne
35、ed to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use todays data and feel fairly confident.“11 Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to（A）illustrate the change of height of NBA players.（B） show the popularity of NBA players in
36、the U.S（C） compare different generations of NBA players.（D）assess the achievements of famous NBA players.12 Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?（A）Genetic modification.（B） Natural environment.（C） Living standards.（D）Daily exercise.13 On which of the following
37、 statements would the author most probably agree?（A）Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.（B） Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.（C） Americans are the tallest on average in the world.（D）Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.14 We learn from the last paragra
38、ph that in the near future（A）the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.（B） the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.（C） genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.（D）the existing data of human height will still be applicable.15 The text intends to tell us that（A
39、）the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.（B） human height is becoming even more predictable.（C） Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.（D）the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.15 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now c
40、onsider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the poss
41、essions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the
42、justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphonea vast storehouse of digital informationis similar to, say, going through a suspect s purse. The court has ruled th
43、at police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensi
44、ve records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing“, meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens s
45、till have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitutions prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesnt ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtai
46、n a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to all
47、ow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and acces
48、sibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital infor
49、mation now.16 The Supreme court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to（A）search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.（B） check suspects phone contents without being authorized.（C） prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.（D）prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.17 The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of（A）tolerance.（B） indifference.（C） disapproval.（D）cautiousness.18 The author believes that exploring one s phone contents is comparable to（A）getting into one s r
