1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 482 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 AMany studies conclude that children with highly involved fathers, in relation to children with less involved fathers, tend to be more cognitively and socially competent, less inclined toward gender stereotyping, more empathic, and psychologically better a
2、djusted. Commonly, these studies investigate both paternal warmth and paternal involvement and findusing simple correlationsthat the two variables are related to each other and to youth outcomes. BBoys seemed to conform to the sex-role standards of their culture when their relationships with their f
3、athers were warm, regardless of how “masculine“ the fathers were, even though warmth and intimacy have traditionally been seen as feminine characteristics. A similar conclusion was suggested by research on other aspects of psychosocial adjustment and on achievement: Paternal warmth or closeness appe
4、ared beneficial , whereas paternal masculinity appeared irrelevant. CThe critical question is: How good is the evidence that fathers amount of involvement, without taking into account its content and quality, is consequential for children, mothers, or fathers themselves? The associations with desira
5、ble outcomes found in much research are actually with positive forms of paternal involvement, not involvement per se. Involvement needs to be combined with qualitative dimensions of paternal behavior through the concept of “positive paternal involvement“ developed here. DCommonly, researchers assess
6、ed the masculinity of fathers and of sons and then correlated the two sets of scores. Many behavioral scientists were surprised to discover that no consistent results emerged from this research until they examined the quality of the father-son relationship. Then they found that when the relationship
7、 between masculine fathers and their sons was warm and loving, the boys were indeed more masculine. Later, however, researchers found that the masculinity of fathers per se did not seem to make much difference after all. As summarized by: EThe second domain in which a substantial amount of research
8、has been done on the influence of variations in father love deals with father involvement, that is, with the amount of time that fathers spend with their children(engagement), the extent to which fathers make themselves available to their children(accessibility), and the extent to which they take re
9、sponsibility for their children s care and welfare(responsibility). FIt is unclear from these studies whether involvement and warmth make independent or joint contributions to youth outcomes. Moreover, “caring for“ children is not necessarily the same thing as “caring about“ them. Indeed, Lamb concl
10、uded from his review of studies of paternal involvement that it was not the simple fact of paternal engagement(i.e., direct interaction with the child), availability, or responsibility for child care that was associated with these outcomes. Rather, it appears that the quality of the father-child rel
11、ationship made the greatest difference. J. H. Pleck reiterated this conclusion when he wrote: GResearch by Veneziano and Rohner supports these conclusions. In a biracial sample of 63 African American and European American children, the authors found from multiple regression analyses that father invo
12、lvement by itself was associated with children s psychological adjustment primarily insofar as it was perceived by youths to be an expression of paternal warmth(acceptance). HMany studies looking exclusively at the influence of variations in father love deal with two topics-.(1)gender role developme
13、nt and(2)father involvement. Studies of gender role development emerged prominently in the 1940s and continued through the 1970s. This was a time when fathers were considered to be especially important as gender role models for sons. Order: 5 AYou may have to impress the company HR representatives a
14、s well. HR reps are typically trained to ask very specific and personal questions, like what salary you expect and what youve made in the past. They might ask you about your impressions of the company and the people who interviewed you. They might also ask if you have other offers. If so, chances ar
15、e good that they are willing to compete for you. But if you say that you have other offers, be prepared to back it up with the who, what and when, because they might challenge you. The HR reps are also the people who will conduct or arrange reference and background checks. They might have the final
16、say. BBesides management, you might also interview with one or more of your future coworkers. Regardless of the questions they ask, what they most really want to know is how well youll fit into the team, if youll cause them more work instead of less, and if they should feel threatened by you. When a
17、nswering, be eager enough to show that you are a good team player and will pull your load, but not so eager as to appear to be a back-stabbing ladder climber! CAlways research a company before you interview, and remember that attire, body language and manners count, big time. Try to avoid common mis
18、takes. You may think that this is common sense, but crazy stuff really happens! DJob interviewing is one of the most popular career topics on the Web. But no career advisor can tell you exactly what to say during a job interview. Interviews are just too up-close and personal for that. About the best
19、 that career advisors can do, is to give you some tips about the typical questions to expect, so you can practice answering them ahead of time. But, while there are many canned interview questions, there are few canned answers. The rest is up to you. EBe prepared to attend a second interview at the
20、same company, and maybe even a third or fourth. If you re called back for more interviews, it means that they re interested in you. But, it doesn t mean you re a shoo-in. Most likely, they are narrowing the competition, so keep up the good work! FTo put you somewhat at ease, many interviewers really
21、 dont know how to interview effectively. Frontline interviewers are typically managers and supervisors who have never been or are barely trained in interviewing techniques. Theyre a little nervous too, just like you. Some dont even prepare in advance. This makes it easier for you to take control of
22、the interview, if you have prepared. But in controlling an interview , it s not a good idea to try to dominate. Instead, try to steer it toward landing the job. GAfter interviewing, immediately send a thank you letter to each of your interviewers. Its professional and expected, and might even be the
23、 deciding factor in your favor. HRemember, its a two-way street. Its the employers chance to judge you, but its also very much your chance to judge the employer. In fact, if you handle yourself well and ask the right questions, you11 put the interviewer in the position of selling the company to you.
24、 If this happens, you re probably doing well. Order: 10 AIndia runs like a thread through this tale. Cotton was being spun in the Indus Valley in 3000 BC: Herodotus admired its quality. Spinning and weaving cotton(the word comes from qutn in Arabic)were introduced to Europe by Muslim invaders in the
25、 tenth century. In India cotton as a cottage industry was so successful that it established a substantial market in Britain. This had two consequences. The first was technological innovation in the industrial north: spinning machines, the invention of the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny and power
26、 looms were the forerunners of the Industrial Revolution. The second, introduced in 1774 to assist English spinners and weavers, was protectionist legislation that made it illegal to sell imported cotton. BSlaves and wide open spaces in the southern states transformed America s economy, too. Capital
27、, raised mainly in London, financed the expansion. By the late 1850s, 77% of the cotton consumed in Britain came from America. Profits soared on both sides of the Atlantic. Manchester became a centre of the universe, always feeding on cheap labour, mostly women, who, unlike slaves, were paid a wage,
28、 albeit a poor one. CToday the main sources of raw cotton are China(29%)and India(21%). Supported by grotesque subsidies($35 billion between 1995 and 2010), America clings on in third place. Producers sell to the new merchants of cotton: global retailers such as Gap and Adidas. Mr Beckert s story is
29、 both inspirational and utterly depressing, a reflection of the white-knuckle ride that has been the characteristic of globalisation through the centuries. DBy 1800 mass-produced British cotton dominated world markets, including in India where the industry collapsed. In the three decades to 1820 inn
30、ovation helped productivity in Britains new cotton factories increase 370 times. Mr Beckert, a history professor at Harvard, calls this new economic order “War Capitalism“ as it is based on imperial expansion, expropriation of land, and slavery. EGood economic history tells dramatic stories of ingen
31、uity and aspiration, greed and national self-interest. Sven Beckert writes good economic history. But why cotton? Mr Beckert s answer is that for 900 years, until 1900, it was the worlds most important manufacturing industry. Cotton is relevant now because the story explains how and why an industry
32、goes global. It is a story of wildly fluctuating fortunes, from stunning wealth to dire social disasters. FDeprived of raw American cotton when the civil war broke out in 1861, English manufacturers rediscovered India. Railways were built in the newly acquired state of Berar to shift raw cotton for
33、export to Bombay. By 1862, 75% of Britains cotton originated in India. The industry had gone global: Egypt and Brazil also provided new sources of supply. When news of the Union Armys victories in 1865 reached India, property prices in Bombay collapsed, anticipating the renewed competition that the
34、end of the war might bring. In the event, as peace returned to the American South and former slaves became sharecroppers, the global industry recovered quickly, helped by a surge in demand. GIn the late 19th century the cotton industry in England began to decline. At the height of the Great Depressi
35、on in 1932 only 11% of the worlds mechanical spindles were operating in Britain, compared with 61% in 1860. The terrible blight that has overwhelmed cotton towns such as Rochdale began then, and has grown worse since. By the late 1960s Britain accounted for only 2.8% of global cotton exports. Order:
36、 15 AFashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or so-called social elites are not able to differenti
37、ate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes immediately subjacent to them, who, in turn, are imitated by groups immediately below them in the social structure. BNevertheless, the movement of fashion is an
38、 important form of collective behavior. First, it should be noted that the fashion movement is a genuine expressive movement. It does not have a conscious goal which people are trying to reach through collective action, as is true in the case of the specific social movements. Nor does it represent t
39、he release of excitement and tension generated in a dancing crowd situation. CIt does not build up a social organization: it does not build up morale and require an ideology: it has no personnel or functionaries: it does not develop a division of labor among its participants with each being assigned
40、 a given status: it does not construct a set of symbols, myths, values, philosophy, or set of practices, and in this sense it does not form a culture: and finally, it does not develop a set of loyalties or form a we-consciousness. The participants are not recruited through agitation. People particip
41、ate in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them. DAs a movement, fashion shows little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in characteris
42、tic cycle, it does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. EThis process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence it adopts new differentiating criteria, only to be i
43、mitated very soon. FWhile fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, and in the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any
44、field of group life. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society or in a caste society. GIt is expressive, however, of certain fundamental impulses and tendencies, such as an inclination toward novel experience, a desire of
45、 distinction, and an urge to conform fashion is important especially, in providing a means for the expression of developing tastes and dispositions: this feature establishes it as a form of expressive behavior. Order: 考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 482 答案与解析Part B (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读理解1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 已经给出位置的段落是 A、
46、G 和 H 项。首先，由于 H 项是首段，因此可知文章的结构是总一分结构，H 项是概括，其余各段进行分述。那么接下来要判断，是先论述哪一组的内容。根据内容，可将这八个选项分成三组，第一组是 B 项和 D 项，它们的内容几乎重合，都是论述父子关系决定男孩是否具有男子气概；首先，要判断两项的前后顺序。D 项的最后两句提到， “研究者后来发现，父亲本身有无男子气概根本不是(男孩有无男子汉气概的)决定性因素。总结如下。”显然，后面的内容应继续围绕这一观点展开论述。而符合要求的只有 B 项。因此D 项在前，B 项在后。【知识模块】 阅读理解2 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 B 项主要论述了，决定男孩是否
47、遵循所在文化中有关性别角色的标准(即有男子气概) 的因素不是其父的男子气概，而是父子间关系是否亲密。D 项最后提到“As summarized by(总结如下)”说明 D 项的下一段还是要接着围绕这一观点开始展开论述，阅读了其他段落，符合此观点的只有段落 B 项，因此确定了 B 项在 D 项后面的位置。【知识模块】 阅读理解3 【正确答案】 E【试题解析】 根据内容，可将这八个选项分成三组，第二组是 A、C 、E、F、G项，它们都提到了“父亲的参与性“；这一组中，除了 A 项和 G 项的位置已知，E项的内容比较特殊。E 项提出，第二个研究是对父爱差异的影响进行了大量研究的领域是关于父亲的主动参
48、与性。它包括投入性、易近性和责任性。因此 E 项不仅是第二组内容的总结，而且是两组内容间的过渡段。它应该置于 B 项后，作为第二组内容的开始段。因此确定了 E 项的位置。【知识模块】 阅读理解4 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 再判断 C 项和 F 项的前后顺序。这两段的内容很相似，都强调除了父亲的参与性，还要考虑父子关系的质量。F 项主要论述了，参与性与温情这两个变量中哪一个影响青少年的成长结果还不确定。莱姆认为父子关系的质量而非参与性是决定因素。而由 F 项的末句“普拉克重申这种说法时写道 ”可知，后面的内容继续围绕这一话题展开论述，因此 F 项应该排在前面。【知识模块】 阅读理解5 【正确
49、答案】 C【试题解析】 C 项主要论述了除了考虑父亲的参与性，还要考虑其参与的内容和质量。第二组是 A、C、E、F、G 项，它们都提到了“父亲的参与性”；已经给出位置的段落是 A、G、H 项，E 项内容已经确定了，剩下 F 项和 C 项，F 项的段末写道“JHPleck reiterated this conclusion when he wrote”可知，后面的内容继续围绕这一话题展开论述，因此 C 项接在 F 项的后面。【知识模块】 阅读理解【知识模块】 阅读理解6 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 文章已给出位置的 A 项出现在文章中部，通过阅读得出该段是关于面试中的问题。给出的段落 C 项是关于面试前的准备。给出了段落 G 项是在文章的最后，通过阅读得出是面试之后的事项。这三段的内容里隐含了时间顺序逻辑关系即：面试前面试中面试后。通过阅读所有段落得出 D 项是面试前的。D 项一开始就提出了全文讨论的对象“求职面试”(job interviewing)，先从面试前的准备工作谈起，指出就业顾问只能给出有限的建议，接着引出全文的主旨：更多的工作需要求职者自己完成。言外之意，下面的内容围绕求职
