1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 498 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 “I have great confidence that by the end of the decade well know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,“ says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert
2、on cancer. “But,“ he cautions, “some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.“This year, 50 percent of the 910 000
3、people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging13 percent for l
4、ung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anythi
5、ng from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated
6、at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,“ says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We cant prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.“The prospect
7、s for cure, though still distant, are brighter. “First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, w
8、e can counteract its action.“1 What can we infer from the first paragraph?（A）Robert Weinberg holds that cancer can be cured by the end of the decade.（B） It was fifty or sixty years before we know how to cure the cancer.（C） We have already understood how cancer cells arise.（D）We still have a long way
9、 to go to find cancer cures.2 According to the National Cancer Institute estimates, we know that _.（A）75 percent of cancer patients will survive（B） only 50 percent of people who suffer from cancer will survive（C） 90 percent of skin cancers will be cured（D）some cancer patients five-year survival rate
10、 has been increased but not all3 Oncogenes become cancerous when they _.（A）are inactive（B） are activated（C） are becoming cancer-causing genes（D）made great progress4 According to Paragraph 4, all the following are true EXCEPT _.（A）cancers will never be completely cured for good（B） the exact reason fo
11、r cancer still remains unknown（C） environmental factors can never be prepared against（D）normal changes do no harm to our health5 What does the underlined word “counteract“ mean?（A）Offset.（B） Understand.（C） Control.（D）Determine.5 At noon on May 4th the carbon-dioxide concentration in the atmosphere a
12、round the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii hit 400 parts per million (ppm). The average for the day was 399.73 and researchers at the observatory expect this figure, too, to exceed 400 in the next few days. The last time such values prevailed on Earth was in the Pliocene epoch (上新世 ) 4m years ago, wh
13、en jungles covered northern Canada.There have already been a few readings above 400 ppm elsewherethose taken over the Arctic Ocean in May 2012, for examplebut they were exceptional. Mauna Loa is the benchmark (标准) for CO2 measurement because Hawaii is so far from large concentrations of humanity. Th
14、e Arctic, by contrast, gets a lot of polluted air from Europe and North America.The concentration of CO2 peaks in May, falls until October as plant growth in the northern hemispheres summer absorbs the gas, and then goes up again during winter and spring. This year the average reading for the whole
15、month will probably also reach 400 ppm, according to Pieter Tans, who is in charge of monitoring at Mauna Loa, and the seasonally adjusted annual figure will reach 400 ppm in the spring of 2014 or 2015.Mauna Loas readings are one of the worlds longest-running measurement series. The first, made in M
16、arch 1958, was 315 ppm. That means they have risen by a quarter in 55 years. In the early 1960s they were going up by 0.7 ppm a year. The rate of increase is now 2.1 ppmthree times as fastreflecting the relentless rise in green-house-gas emissions.As a rule of thumb, CO2 concentrations will have to
17、be restricted to about 450 ppm if global warming is to be kept below 2 degrees. Because CO2 stays in the atmosphere for decades, artificial emissions of the gas would have to be cut immediately, and then fall to zero by 2075, in order to achieve 450 ppm. There seems no chance of that. Emissions are
18、still going up. At current rates, the Mauna Loa reading will rise above 450 ppm in 2037.6 We can learn from the first paragraph that _.（A）Mauna Loa Observatory is located in northern Canada（B） about 4 million years ago, jungles covered northern part of the Earth（C） the carbon-dioxide concentration i
19、s expected to exceed 400 ppm in the next few days（D）it is the first time in human history that carbon-dioxide concentration reaches 400 ppm7 Mauna Loa is the standard for CO2 measurement for the reason that _.（A）Hawaii has small concentrations of human（B） its air has been polluted by Europe and Nort
20、h America（C） Hawaii has far larger concentrations of humanity than other places（D）The Arctic gets a lot of polluted air from Europe and North America8 The third paragraph tells us that _.（A）the concentration of CO2 rises during summer（B） the concentration of CO2 goes down during winter（C） the figure
21、 in the spring of 2015 will not reach 400 ppm（D）Pieter Tans is the man in charge of supervision at Mauna Loa9 The rise of green house gas emissions leads to _.（A）the decrease of ppm statistics（B） the faster increasing rate of ppm（C） the slower increasing rate of ppm（D）the highest readings in recorde
22、d history10 Which is true according to the last paragraph?（A）CO2 remains in the atmosphere for several dozen years.（B） At current rates, Mauna Loa reading will rise above 450 ppm by 2075.（C） The chance of cutting emissions and achieving 450 ppm by 2075 is good.（D）Humans gas emissions have been cut a
23、t once in order to achieve 450 ppm.10 European regulators have contributed to their banks decline, in two ways. First, they are specifying how much banks can pay in bonuses relative to base pay. Second, they are trying to force banks to hold more capital and to make it easier to allow them to fail b
24、y, for instance, separating their retail deposits from their wholesale businesses.The first approach is foolish. It will drive up the fixed costs of Europes banks and reduce their flexibility to cut expenses in downturns (低迷时期). They will therefore struggle to compete in America or fast-growing Asia
25、n markets with foreign rivals that have the freedom to pay the going rate. The second approach is sensible. Switzerland and Britain are making progress in ending the implicit taxpayer subsidy that supports banks that are too big to fail. The collapse of Irelands economy is warning enough of what hap
26、pens when governments feel compelled to help out banks that weaken their economies.Some European bankers argue that the continent needs investment-banking champions. Yet it is not obvious that European firms or taxpayers gain from having national banks that are good at packaging and selling American
27、 subprime loans (次级贷款). Indeed, it is American taxpayers and investors who should worry about the dominance of a few Wall Street firms. They bear the main risk of future bail-outs (紧急援助). They would benefit from greater competition in investment banking. IPO fees are much higher in America than else
28、where, mainly because the market is dominated by a few big investment banks.Wall Streets new titans say they are already penalised by new international rules that insist they have somewhat bigger capital buffers (缓冲) than smaller banks because they pose a greater risk to economies if they fail. Yet
29、the huge economies of scale and implicit subsidies from being too big to fail more than offset (抵销) the cost of the buffers. Increasing the capital surcharges for big banks would do more for the stability of the financial system than the thicket of Dodd-Frank rules ever will. Five years on from the
30、frightening summer of 2008, Americas big banks are back, and that is a good thing. But there are still things that could make Wall Street safer.11 The first approach is foolish because _.（A）it will do harm to Europes economy（B） it will increase the costs of banks in Europe（C） it will cut down the pa
31、y of European bankers（D）Europes banks have to compete in global markets12 Switzerland and Britain are making progress in _.（A）introducing more foreign capital（B） helping the banks that have gone bankrupt（C） competing with American and Asian banks（D）squeezing allowance that backs large banks13 Who sh
32、ould worry about the dominance of a few Wall Street corporations?（A）European bankers.（B） Small companies.（C） American investors.（D）European taxpayers.14 Compared with small banks, larger ones have bigger capital buffers because _.（A）they will threaten the economies if they go bankrupt（B） the governm
33、ent pays more attention to larger banks（C） larger banks have more fund than smaller ones（D）they can do more for the countrys economy15 In the following paragraph, the author may _.（A）recall the economic depression in the year 2008（B） discuss the factors that make economy turn around（C） introduce Ame
34、ricas big banks that come back to life（D）suggest the things to do to prevent an economic crisis15 A self-described socialist and former shop steward, Sir Alex was an odd fit with the centrist Mr. Blair. Yet he was much less impressed by Blairs successor, Gordon Brownthough he was also born in Glasgo
35、w and is a lifelong football fan. Nor could Sir Alex quarrel with New Labours embrace of the market. English football has become the worlds best because it pays the most: the average weekly wage in the premiership rose by 1,500% between 1992 and 2010. Sir Alex was well rewarded, too; he named his ma
36、nsion Fairfields, after the ship-making factory where his father once laboured.Sir Alexs success was based on his enthusiastic embrace of globalisation, something too many people in Labour are still uncomfortable with. He inherited a team that contained two Danes, four Irishmen and 18 Britons. He le
37、aves a squad with players from a dozen countries, including Serbia, Ecuador and Japan. In public-policy terms, United runs both a superb domestic education system and a liberal immigration policy. This is a lesson Labours current leader, Ed Miliband, badly needs to learnhaving expressed regret, in a
38、 vague but toe-curling (令人厌恶的) way, that his New Labour forebears let so many foreigners in.Oddly, perhaps the politician Sir Alex most resembles was not of Labour at all; but rather its Tory female, Margaret Thatcher. He claimed to dislike her. Yet they are similar. Both won global successes throug
39、h a combination of simple truths and constant drive. Both shared aspiration and opportunity. Both made Britain great.Sir Alex would now do well to avoid Lady Thatchers biggest mistake: by lingering at the scene of his triumph. He plans to stay on at United as a director and perhaps instructor to his
40、 successor, David Moyes, another able manager and working-class Scot. But such arrangement rarely works. It would be better, after such a glorious career, if he conceded that Fergie time is now over.16 Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?（A）Mr. Blair is a conservative who
41、 supports Alexs career.（B） Gordon Brown is a team member of Sir Alex.（C） Sir Alex has enjoyed substantial reward.（D）Sir Alex has quarreled with New Labour.17 Alexs mansion was named after _.（A）the house where he was born（B） the football team that he leads（C） the football team that he favors（D）the fa
42、ctory where his father once worked18 Alexs success depends on _.（A）his persistence in his career（B） his team and their collaboration（C） his enthusiasm in accepting globalization（D）his insistence in making his dream come true19 Margaret Thatcher and Sir Alex share all these common points EXCEPT _.（A）
43、similar personality（B） worldwide triumph（C） ambition and chance（D）continuous endeavor20 What is the authors attitude on Alexs decision to stay at United?（A）Complete agreement.（B） Slight objection.（C） Warm welcome.（D）A little indifference.考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 498 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following fou
44、r texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 选项 D 对应第一段最后一句，从这一句话可以看出，即使我们已经发现了某种病的病理原因，我们仍然要花五六十年的时间才能找到治疗方案。因此可以推测出，我们要找到治疗癌症的办法还有很长的路要走。选项 A 对应这一段的第一句，但是第一句只说到这个 10 年结束的时候，我们就搞清楚了癌细胞病变的很多细节，但是并没有提到癌症可以被治愈，而且这也和最后一句是冲突的，因此选项 A 错误。选项 B 是对本段最后一句
45、曲解，最后一句话是 Pasteur 发现的一个现象：即使发现了很多感染的病因，要找到治疗方案仍然需要花费五六十年的时间，这里并不是说癌症在五六十年的时间中就能被治愈。选项 C 也与第一句冲突，故错误。2 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 选项 D 可以定位到第二段的第二句。前一句说 91 万人中，50的癌病患者可以活五年，这一个数据到了 2000 年增加到了 75，并且皮肤癌的五年存活率高达 90。但是肺癌和胰腺癌的存活率还很低。因此可以得出：有些癌症病人的五年存活率提高了，但不是所有癌症的存活率都提高了。本段当中的三个数据(75， 50，90) 说的都是癌症的五年存活率，因此选项 A、B 和 C
46、 都是偷换概念。3 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 选项 B 对应第三段最后一句话，根据这句话，可以看出，癌细胞要进行癌变，条件是致癌基因要被激活(driven into action)，也就是说 B 选项是同义改写。选项 A 与 B 相反，因此是错误的。选项 C 对应本段第二句中的非限定性定语从句。根据这句话可知，Oncogene 本来就是致癌基因，因此致癌基因发生癌变并不是因为他们变成了致癌基因，这是对文意的曲解。选项 D 对应本段第二句话开头，这里的说明对象是研究者，而不是致癌基因，因此选项 D 属于偷换概念。4 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 选项 D 对应第四段的第二句，这句话意为 “变
47、化在进化的过程中是非常普遍的”。因此 D 选项说“正常的变化对我们的健康无害 ”是无中生有。选项 A对应本段的第一句后半段。选项 B 对应本段第一句的前半段，其中的 mysterious意为“神秘的；无知的”。选项 C 对应本段最后一句话，文中提到， “环境方面的因素永远无法被完全消除”，也就是说“我们永远没有办法准备应对环境因素导致的癌症”，选项 C 是一个同义替换，故正确。5 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 本题目定位到最后一段的最后一句。根据本段的内容可以知道，治癌药物虽然离我们还比较遥远，但是前景是很光明的，特别是我们知道了更多癌症的工作机理之后，我们就可以想办法抵消癌症作用。因此选项
48、A 是同义改写，而其他三个选项都不是最佳选项。6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 根据选项 A 中的“Mauna Loa”定位到首句：.the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii说明 Mauna Loa 是在夏威夷而不是加拿大。根据选项 B定位到尾句：.4m years ago, when jungles covered northern Canada. 故 B 项错误。C 项对应原文：.researchers at the observatory expect this figure, too, to exceed 400 in the next few days.
49、 而“this figure” 指代的就是“carbon-dioxide concentration”，故正确。D 项对应原文：The last time such values prevailed on Earth was in the Pliocene epoch 4m years ago 说明达到 400 ppm 这个数据不是历史上第一次。综上所述，该题答案为选项 C。7 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 根据题干中的“CO2 measurement”定位到第二段第二行：Mauna Loa is the bench-mark for CO2 measurement because Hawaii is so far from large concentrations of humanity. 题干问的是原因，“for the reason that”=“because”，故答案在 because 之后，而“Hawaii is so far from large concentrations of humanity”=“Hawaii has sma
