1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 499 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 In the past 35 years, hundreds of millions of Chinese have found productive, if often exhausting, work in the countrys growing cities. This extraordinar
2、y mobilization of labour is the biggest economic event of the past half-century. The world has seen nothing on such scale before. Will it see anything like it again? The answer lies across the Himalayas in India.India is an ancient civilization but a youthful country. Its working-age population is r
3、ising by about 12m people a year, even as Chinas shrank last year by 3m. Within a decade India will have the biggest potential workforce in the world.Optimists look forward to a bumper “demographic dividend“ , the result of more workers per dependant and more saving out of income. This combination a
4、ccounted for perhaps a third of the East Asian miracle. India “has time on its side, literally,“ boasted one prominent politician, Kamal Nath, in a 2008 book entitled “Indias Century“.But although Indias dreamers have faith in its youth, the countrys youngest have growing reason to doubt India. The
5、economy raised aspirations that it has subsequently failed to meet. From 2005 to 2007 it grew by about 9% a year. In 2010 it even grew faster than China (if the two economies are measured consistently). But growth has since halved. Indias impressive savings rate, the other side of the demographic di
6、vidend, has also slipped. Worryingly, a growing share of household saving is bypassing the financial system altogether, seeking refuge from inflation in gold, bricks and mortar.The last time a Congress-led government liberalized the economy in earnestin 1991over 40% of todays Indians had yet to be b
7、orn. Their anxieties must seem remote to Indias elderly politicians. The average age of cabinet minister is 65. The country has never had a prime minister born in independent India. One man who might buck that trend, Rahul Gandhi, is the son, grandson and the great-grandson of former prime ministers
8、. India is run by gerontocrats (老年统治者) and epigones (子孙): grey hairs and groomed heirs. The apparent indifference of the police to the way young women in particular are treated has underlined the way that old India fails to protect new India.1 China is mentioned in order to _.（A）show its scale of la
9、bour force（B） highlight its economic growth（C） introduce the topic of India（D）stress the importance of labour2 Which is true according to Paragraph 2?（A）Indias working-age population has shrunk.（B） Chinas working-age population has been rising.（C） India is now the biggest potential workforce in the
10、world.（D）India is an ancient country but a young one in the modern world.3 Which one can best describe Kamal Nath towards Indias future?（A）Confident.（B） Worried.（C） Doubtful.（D）Negative.4 The fourth paragraph shows us that _.（A）India has reached its economic target（B） Indias economic growth has halv
11、ed after 2010（C） Indians have become doubtful about their country（D）Indias savings rate has increased from 2005 to 20075 The underlined phrase “grey hairs and groomed heirs“ (Para. 5, Line 6) means _.（A）old men and young women（B） elderly rulers and their descendants（C） prime ministers and their succ
12、essors（D）prime ministers and their grandsons5 The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want mo
13、st. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the deman
14、d of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by w
15、hich consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers.If the product is in short supply
16、 relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit
17、 more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the America economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individual are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natur
18、al resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another
19、 private individual.6 According to the text, consumers in the American economic system _.（A）can largely determine the economy system（B） can buy whatever goods and services they want by spending money（C） can spend their money to buy goods and services（D）can determine what goods and services shall be
20、produced to a large extent by consumption7 According to the first paragraph, private businessmen _.（A）are driven by the profit motive to produce the goods and services（B） determine how these goods and services are produced（C） want to maximize profits by harming the consumers（D）determine how resource
21、s are used to produce the goods and services8 Which of the following is true about the mechanism in a market-oriented economy?（A）By the mechanism the consumer demands can be met.（B） It can express the consumer demands.（C） It determines the price.（D）It is a response to the demands and supplies.9 Whic
22、h of the following is not true according to Paragraph 4?（A）Fewer products will push up the price.（B） More commodities will finally lower the price.（C） More consumers will buy the product if the price is lower.（D）The supply will be reduced too if the cost reduces.10 In a private-enterprise economy, p
23、eople are _.（A）allowed to own productive resources and certain rights（B） permitted to control over natural resources（C） allowed to determine the price of a product（D）permitted to make a free contract with another private individual10 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-
24、issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposi
25、t money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us, the “cashless society“ is not on the horizonits already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than
26、 simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can
27、 then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturer
28、s for similar reasons. Computer analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial ent
29、erprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.11 What can we learn from the first paragraph?（A）Nearly every American has one bank-issued credit card.（B） Only the o
30、wners can enjoy the services provided by the credit card.（C） The credit card owners can only enjoy its service across the country.（D）The credit card can only be used in America.12 What does the author mean by the last sentence of the first paragraph?（A）All of the Americans will not use cash.（B） Many
31、 Americans do not pay in cash now.（C） Credit cards in the society will not be popular.（D）You can use cash wherever you want.13 According to the text, electronic cash registers can _.（A）record information of sales（B） keep track of their list of goods（C） have many advantages for sellers（D）offer some c
32、onveniences to consumers14 Computers are significant not because _.（A）they can record busiest hour and the most efficient employees（B） they can identify preferred customers（C） they can help to decide when to produce the products（D）they can record goods in stock15 What is the main idea of this text?（
33、A）Credit cards can bring about many convenient services.（B） Credit cards will be more and more popular.（C） Computers are bringing many efficient services in business.（D）Computers are becoming smarter.15 Its 2:45 p.m. on a Wednesday, and Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti is in the backseat of a black C
34、hevy Tahoe thats inching its way to city hall along the 101 freeway. This stretch of the often clogged road is eight lanes, but there are so many cars on it that everyone is moving at about 30 km/h, a single mass of steel and glass lurching toward downtown.Just a few hours earlier, Garcetti was trav
35、eling a lot faster. To get to an event in University City, about 16 km from his office, Garcetti took the citys Red Line subway, which can reach speed of up to 110 km/ha pace L.A.s rush-hour drivers can only dream about. Persuading more Angelenos to take the train could go a long way toward solving
36、one of L.A.s most intractable problems. “We dont need people to completely give up their cars,“ he says while holding onto a pole on the Red Line. “But right now, we average 1.1 people per car. If we could get that to 1.6, the traffic problem would go away.“In L.A., cars are a source of smog, billio
37、ns of dollars in lost productivity every year and endless frustration for residents. “Every working person plans their life around traffic in this town,“ say Zev Yaroslavsky, a Los Angeles County supervisor and longtime friend of Garcettis. “Building a transportation infrastructure is something that
38、 needs to be focused on, and Eric gets that.“ Should Garcetti, 43who was elected in May as the youngest mayor of L.A. in more than a centuryever manage to get the freeways flowing, it would be a triumph. And it would only begin to cure what ails L.A.Los Angeles structural problems are daunting. The
39、city has fewer jobs now than it did in 1990, with a regional unemployment rate that is more than 2 points higher than the national average. L.A. is also buckling under health care and pension costs and is scaling back public services to compensate. The 2014-2015 budget is projected to be $242 millio
40、n in the red. As the Los Angeles 2020 Commission, a group of business, labor and public-sector leaders charged by the city council with diagnosing the regions ills, put it in a December report, “Los Angeles is barely treading water while the rest of the world is moving forward.“16 In the first parag
41、raph, the descriptions are about _.（A）traffic jam（B） car accidents（C） urban sprawl（D）population problems17 Garcetti took a subway instead of traveling in a car because _.（A）traveling by car is out of date（B） the subway is environmentally-friendly（C） taking a subway is more convenient for him（D）the s
42、ubway is much faster than the car during the rush-hour18 We know from the third paragraph that _.（A）L.A. has to focus on manufacturing more cars（B） Garcetti is the youngest mayor in L.A. s history（C） traffic jam is one of the problems that L.A. faces（D）Garcetti has already made the highways flowing1
43、9 By saying “Los Angeles is barely treading water“, the author means _.（A）it is flooded with water（B） its economy is stagnant（C） it has so many problems（D）its prospect is promising20 Which one would be the best title of this text?（A）L.A.s Traffic Problem（B） SubwayReplacement of Car（C） L.A.s Traffict
44、he Worst in the U.S（D）L.A.s Traffic Jam and Structural Problems考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 499 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 文章第一段讨论了中国的劳动力问题，而在该段最后一句提到了印度，后面文章基本都在围绕印度讨论，可见文章开篇描述中国只是为了引出印度，故本题答案为选项 C
45、。2 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 选项 A 对应原文：India is an ancient civilization but a youthful country. Its working-age population is rising 可见印度的劳动力人口是在增长，而非萎缩，故 A 错误。B 项对应原文：.even as Chinas shrank last year by 3m中国的劳动力人口是萎缩了，可见选项 A 和 B 故意把原文颠倒，选项 B 也是错误的。选项 C 对应原文：Within a decade India will have the biggest potentia
46、l workforce in the world. 文章提到的是 “within a decade”，而非选项说的“now” ，故错误。选项 D 对应原文：India is an ancient civilization but a youthful country. 基本上该项和原文第一句是同义转换，故为答案。3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 虽然没有体现出 attitude，think， view 等观点态度题的提示词，但本题问：对于印度的未来，以下哪项最能描述 Kamal Nath?也就是说对于印度的未来他是什么态度。通过 Kamal Nath 这一人名可以定位到第三段的最后一句：Ind
47、ia“has time on its side，literally，”boasted one prominent politician，Kamal Nath，in a 2008 book entitled“Indias Century”其中“boasted”，“Indias Century”这些词都体现了其对印度未来的态度是肯定的，而选项中只有选项 A“自信的”比较靠边，故为答案。4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 选项 A 对应原文：The economy raised aspirations that it has subsequently failed to meet.其中“failed
48、to meet” 和该项的“reached its economic target”完全相反，故错误。选项 B 对应原文：In 2010 it even grew faster than China. But growth has since halved. 其中对于 since 一词的理解很关键，此处的since 由于在助动词和实义动词之间，因此属于副词，在副词中它表示“后来”，等于该项的 after，所以该项是正确的。 C 项对应原文：.the countrys youngest have growing reason to doubt India. 是印度的年轻人质疑印度，而非该项所说的
49、印度人民，这是偷换概念，故错误。D 项对应原文：Indias impressive savings rate，the other side of the demographic dividend，has also slipped其中提到储蓄率是下滑了，而非该项所说的增长，故错误。综上所述，答案为选项 B。5 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 本题其实不难，但是选项 C 和 D 有一定干扰，文中的“grey hairs(灰白的头发)”显然指的是老年人，且指的是上文的“gerontocrats(老年统治者)”，而 C 和 D 两项并未提到老年人这一概念，故错误。其实该题的答案就在其前面，因为语义题要特别注意上下文所出现的同义替换。该句中“grey hairs and groomed heirs”=“gerontocrats and epigones”=“elderly rulers and descendants”虽然出现两个特别难的超纲词，但这两个超纲词在原文中都有中文注解，故降低了该题的难度，答案为选项 B。6 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 选项 D 对应第一段第
