1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 502 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Is
2、aac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why di
3、dnt they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into
4、 the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writi
5、ng their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method“ a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conference
6、s where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.“ “We know that,“ the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile
7、 going on? What do you think we might expect?“ The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them
8、 himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable
9、in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and
10、 conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls“ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.“1 The example of Isaa
11、c Newton was mentioned to _.（A）show that experiment is more important than science practice（B） illustrate that mind preparedness is more critical for science（C） tell us that he discovered gravity（D）reveal that he is a great physicist2 What can we learn about Isaac Newton according to Paragraph one?（
12、A）He is curious about the planet movement.（B） He keeps asking questions about nothing worthy.（C） He did some experiments on the moon.（D）An apple fell down on his head.3 According to the second paragraph, scientists _.（A）always write some scientific journals（B） tend to overlook unpredictable things w
13、hich are important to research（C） always forget historical examples（D）like to try to predict things4 What can we learn from Paragraph 3?（A）Scientists dont like to be asked to speculate.（B） Scientific method is more important than imaginative thought.（C） Young scientists tend to replace imaginative t
14、hought with “scientific method“.（D）Scientists dont like to answer questions.5 What does the author mean by saying “If experiments are planned.dollars and cents“?（A）The research can surely produce profitable results（B） The research might produce results measurable in dollars and cents.（C） The experim
15、ents must be carried out according to the plan.（D）The managers should have perfectly logical thinking.5 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of t
16、he traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people dont know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of
17、women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were f
18、ully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basi
19、cs, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scorespersonality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored,“ says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys
20、education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.“ Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral educat
21、ion. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents“.But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles
22、. “In Japan,“ says educator Yoko Muro, “its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.“ With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been
23、abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, wh
24、ile still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.6 What can we learn from the first sentence of the first paragraph?（A）The development of the postwar Japan is target-oriented.（B） Japans productivity envies that o
25、f the United States and Europe.（C） Aimlessness is hardly irrelevant to the postwar Japan.（D）Japanese traditional work-moral values are declining.7 It can be inferred from the text that teenagers in Japan _.（A）are answering the questions about their personal sacrifices（B） are dissatisfied with their
26、jobs to a large extent（C） are more satisfied with their school life than their counterparts in the US（D）have a lot more job opportunities8 The quotation of Toshiki Kaifus words is used to show that _.（A）test taking and mechanical learning should be more stressed（B） Japanese education is similar to A
27、merican education（C） Japanese education should put more value on creativity and self-expression（D）personality does not show up in the test scores9 Which of the following is true about Japanese life-styles?（A）Whether you enjoy your job and your life is highly valued by the people.（B） Most of the citi
28、zens give up two-generation households.（C） The Japanese endure too much.（D）The Japanese divorce rate has increased to more than 50 percent.10 The passage is mainly about _.（A）Japan is developing faster than America after World War II（B） Japanese life-styles are stressful（C） Japanese young men are fa
29、cing a difficult job hunting situation（D）Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values10 In 1977, the year before I was born, a Senate committee led by George McGovern published its landmark “Dietary Goals for the United States,“ urging Americans to eat less high-fat red meat, e
30、ggs and dairy and replace them with more calories from fruits, vegetables and especially carbohydrates.By 1980 that wisdom was codified. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) issued its first dietary guidelines, and one of the primary directives was to avoid cholesterol (胆固醇) and fat of all sorts.
31、 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommended that all Americans over the age of 2 cut fat consumption, and that same year the government announced the results of a $150 million study, which had a clear message: Eat less fat and cholesterol to reduce your risk of a heart attack.The food indus
32、tryand American eating habitsjumped in step. Grocery shelves filled with “light“ yogurts, low-fat microwave dinners, cheese-flavored crackers, cookies. Families like mine followed the advice: beef disappeared from the dinner plate, eggs were replaced at breakfast with cereal or yolk-free beaters, an
33、d whole milk almost wholly vanished. From 1977 to 2012, per capita consumption of those foods dropped while calories from supposedly healthy carbohydrates increasedno surprise , given that breads, cereals and pasta were at the base of the USDA food pyramid.The nation was embarking on a “vast nutriti
34、onal experiment,“ as the skeptical president of the National Academy of Sciences, Philip Handler, put it in 1980. But with nearly a million Americans a year dropping dead from heart disease by the mid-80s, it had to try something.Nearly four decades later, the results are in: the experiment was a fa
35、ilure. Americans cut the fat, but by almost every measure, they are sicker than ever. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in the US increased 166% from 1980 to 2012. Nearly 1 in 10 American adults has the disease, costing the countrys health care system $245 billion a year, and an estimated 86 million
36、 people are prediabetic. Deaths from heart disease have fallena fact that many experts attribute to better emergency care, less smoking and widespread use of cholesterol-controlling drugs like statinsbut cardiovascular (心血管的) disease remains the countrys No. 1 killer.11 George McGovern advised peopl
37、e to _.（A）take more exercises（B） eat more nutritious food（C） change their eating habits（D）cut down the intake of calories12 We can learn from Paragraph 2 that _.（A）NIHs suggestion was written into the code decades ago（B） NIH suggested that all Americans take in no more fat（C） government spent a lot
38、of money in curing heart attack（D）poor eating habits may increase the risk of certain diseases13 In the past, Americans got their calories mainly from _.（A）healthy carbohydrate（B） meat, eggs and dairy（C） breads, cereals and pasta（D）yogurts, crackers and cookies14 The authors attitude towards nutriti
39、onal experiment seems to be _.（A）ambiguous（B） suspicious（C） pessimistic（D）prejudiced15 What can be inferred from the last paragraph?（A）Dietary change has contributed little to America.（B） About ten percent of Americans are prediabetic.（C） The change of diet has killed many diseases.（D）Americas obesi
40、ty rate is higher than before.15 The casino (赌场) at the smart Atlantis resort on Paradise Island in the Bahamas is bigger than 20 tennis courts. Tourists flit from slot machine to roulette table, drift past Temples of the Sun and Moon and walk by Crystal Gate and Poseidons Throne. But the only Baham
41、ians in sight are waiters, croupier and cashiers.The Bahamas legalised casino gambling in 1969, when they were still a British colony. But mainly because of the influence of local pastors, both Bahamians and foreigners who live in the country are banned from gambling.This has not stopped residents f
42、rom placing bets. Instead, they gamble off the books in “number houses“ or “webshops“legal internet cafes that offer illegal bets on the side and operate in plain sight. These have mushroomed in recent years, even as tourism has stagnated and hotels have reduced staff. This pretence will be put to t
43、he test on January 28th, when a referendum will be held on legalising gambling in web shops, as well as on a separate proposal to set up a national lottery.The well-funded campaign supporting the initiative has been distributing posters and T-shirts. It argues that web shops account for almost 2% of
44、 jobs in the country, and that gambling taxes could help close the budget deficit. The “no“ movement, which calls itself “Save Our Bahamas“, is led by the islands evangelical (新教会的) churches. Perry Christie, the prime minister, says he has “no horse in the race“. The opposition accuses him, without
45、proof, of running a “fixed“ referendum on behalf of web-shop owners who back him financially.If the proposal is approved, the government will probably try to pass a series of reforms supported by the big hotel casinos. In order to compete with Las Vegas, New Jersey or Macau, they say, they need auth
46、orisation for credit-card payment for chips, online and mobile wagers, private VIP gaming rooms and betting on sports matches while play is in progress. They also want stronger legal tools to collect unpaid debts and the right to void payments caused by computer errors. The tourism minister has alre
47、ady announced support for these policies. However, letting Bahamians into the casinos is not yet on the agenda.16 The description of the casino in the first paragraph is to _.（A）depict the tourist attraction（B） spotlight the authors attitude（C） describe the life on Paradise Island（D）introduce the to
48、pic of gambling in the Bahamas17 According to Paragraphs 1&2, which one is true?（A）Most people in the Bahamian casino are foreigners.（B） Gambling has become illegal in the Bahamas since 1969.（C） People are not allowed to gamble because of local officers.（D）The only jobs for Bahamians are waiter, cro
49、upier and cashier.18 In a webshop you can do all EXCEPT _.（A）surfing online（B） drinking coffee（C） gambling legally（D）placing illicit bet19 Perry Christie was charged because of _.（A）public bribe（B） unfair voting（C） budget deficit（D）horse-race gamble20 What can we learn from the last paragraph?（A）Bahamians may not be allowed to enter the casino.（B） The Bahamas will surpass Las Vegas in the near future.（C） Many ministers publicly support reforms of casino.（D）Computer errors are common and inevitable
