1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 52 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds
2、 living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. (41)_Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains
3、are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.(42) _Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that
4、there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.(43)_There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a
5、kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.(44)_Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As t
6、he young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.(45)_About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of m
7、any familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.A The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.B Nevertheless, we know a
8、 great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.C The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago
9、. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million
10、 years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.D The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.E The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in t
11、he sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.F When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea a
12、nd there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.G Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may
13、 be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.5 A “I just dont know how to motivate them to do a better job. Were in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, well probably h
14、ave to lay some people off in the near future. Its hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isntits boring, routine paperwork, and there isnt much you can do about it. “B “Finally, I cant say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. Fir
15、st of all, they know its not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All thro
16、ugh their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed. “C “Ive got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action
17、 involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies. “D “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know thats not fairtoo many other th
18、ings are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesnt necessarily mean youll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for w
19、inning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff. “E “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on
20、when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. “F “So I just don
21、t know What to do. Ive been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work. “G “A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executiv
22、es of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivationhow we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion. “Order:10 The main purpose of a resume is to convi
23、nce an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar “tombstone“ that lists where you went to school and where youve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional“ resumedescriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you
24、an interview.Its handy to have a “tombstone“ for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested “tombstone“ lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get reada resume that makes you
25、come alive and look interesting to employers.41.Put yourself first:In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.42.Sell what you can do, not who you are:Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements
26、 into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.Toot your own horn!Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punchif only
27、 you show it.43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!Remember that “brevity is the best policy“.44.Turn bad news into good:Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.45.Never apologize:If youre returning to the work force after fifteen years
28、 as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Dont apologize for working at being a mother; its the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just dont mention education.self before you start writing about
29、yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Dont worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come cl
30、oser to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc). Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing
31、your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before youre ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When youve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you re
32、gard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.Isnt that the kind of person youd want working for you?A A woman who lost her job as a teachers aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:“Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teachers aide she would retire if government fund
33、s became available. “B One resume I received included the following:“invited by my superior to straighten out our organizations accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.“ Notice how this
34、 woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her rewardall in 34 words.C For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.D An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the stat
35、ement “ready to learn though not so well educated“.E One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.F A woman once told me about a
36、 cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. Shed agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasnt in her resume. She answered, “It wasnt important. “ What she was really saying of course was
37、 “Im not important. “15 A What to do as a student?B Various definitions of plagiarismC Ideas should always be sourcedD Ignorance can be forgivenE Plagiarism is equivalent to theftF The consequences of plagiarismScholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings abou
38、t acknowledging the use of another persons ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of ones ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “ the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as ones own of the ideas, or
39、the expression of ideas of another“.41.The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by internation
40、al copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyrigh
41、t laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.42.Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed idea
42、s and words, otherwise direct consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.43.Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes i
43、s the result of the writers inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such commo
44、n knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against.it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.44.Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers of
45、ten do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentationnote-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliographyare easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in i
46、deas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.45.The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for
47、 his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy write
48、rs make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are bor
49、rowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.20 Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. (41)_They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.
