1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 61 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Our social relationships are changing and technology is at the centre of this unfolding story. Take stock of your own world. You probably have a few fami
2、ly members and friends who mean the world to you. Then there are the many acquaintances, contacts, “followers“ and “consequential strangers“ who you only interact with occasionally but who serve useful purposes when you have questions, need to make decisions or require a helping hand. Your ties to a
3、ll of them, especially those in the outer reaches of your network, are increasingly mediated through digital technology from email to Facebook to Skype calls.This new social operating system has been emerging for several generations but has accelerated in growth thanks to the recent triple revolutio
4、n: the widespread adoption of broadband, ubiquitous mobile connectivity and the move from bounded groupslargely closed circles of interlinked contacts - to multiple social networks.We have dubbed the result networked individualism because loose-knit networks are overtaking more densely knit groups a
5、nd traditional hierarchies as the dominant structure of social interaction. In the world of networked individuals, the individual is the focus, not the family, the work unit, the neighbourhood or the social group. Each person creates their own network tailored to their needs, maintaining it through
6、their email address and address book, screen name, social and technological filters, and cellphone number.This revolution doesnt mean physical isolation, as some fear. People still value neighbours, because they remain important for everyday socialising and emergencies. Yet neighbours are only about
7、 10 per cent of our significant ties. While people see co-workers and neighbours often, the most important contacts tend to be with people who live elsewhere in the city, region, nation - and abroad. The new media are able to facilitate such contact, and, in effect, have become the neighbourhood. An
8、d it is heavily populated. Data from the Pew Research Centers Internet others will encourage limits as the hassled and hard-pressed withdraw occasionally. In short, the world will fragment, with some parts moving towards the brighter side of networked individualism and other parts moving towards gat
9、ed communities and more tightly controlled information flows.The triple revolution has given rise to far-reaching consequences, though it is not yet clear what the outermost points of impact will be. What is evident is that networked individualism is tightly tied to technological changes on the hori
10、zon and that the time is ripe to contemplate the shape of things to come.1 Paragraph 1 mainly tells as that_.（A）the relation between technology and social life has changed（B） modes of online communication are now changing rapidly（C） interpersonal contacts are pushing digital technology forward（D）dig
11、ital technology brings significant changes to social relations2 The social operating system is becoming increasingly_.（A）inclusive and community-targeted（B） compact and family-centred（C） loose and individual-oriented（D）exclusive and work unit-focused3 It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that_.（A）peop
12、le nowadays communicate less with their physical neighbours（B） people interact more often with those nearby than those faraway（C） neighbourhoods are becoming more heavily populated（D）a digital form of neighbourhood has come into being4 According to Paragraph 5, social norms will grow_.（A）diversified
13、（B） disrupted（C） balanced（D）polarized5 The authors attitude toward networked individualism can be described as_.（A）appreciative（B） critical（C） regretful（D）neutral5 Hypothesis-driven research is at the heart of scientific endeavor, and it is often the positive, confirmatory data that get the most att
14、ention and guide further research. But many studies produce non-confirmatory dataobservations that refute current ideas and carefully constructed hypotheses. And it can be argued that these “negative data,“ far from having little value in science, are actually an integral part of scientific progress
15、 that deserve more attention.At first glance, this may seem a little nonsensical; after all, how can non-confirmatory results help science to progress when they fail to substantiate anything? But in fact, in a philosophical sense, only negative data resulting in rejection of a hypothesis represent r
16、eal progress. As philosopher of science Karl Popper stated; “Every refutation should be regarded as a great success; not merely a success of the scientist who refuted the theory, but also of the scientist who created the refuted theory and who thus in the first instance suggested, if only indirectly
17、, the refuting experiment. “On a more practical level, Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine(JNRBM)was launched on the premise that scientific progress depends not only on the accomplishments of individuals but requires teamwork and open communication of all results -positive and negative. Afte
18、r all, the scientific community can only learn from negative results if the data are published.Though not every negative result will turn out to be of groundbreaking significance, it is imperative to be aware of the more balanced perspective that can result from the publication of non-confirmatory f
19、indings. The first and most obvious benefits of publishing negative results are a reduction in the duplication of effort between researchers, leading to the acceleration of scientific progress, and greater transparency and openness.More broadly, publication of negative data might also contribute to
20、a more realistic appreciation of the “messy“ nature of science. Scientific endeavors rarely result in perfect discoveries of elements of “truth“ about the world. This is largely because they are frequently based on methods with real limitations and hypotheses based on uncertain premises.It is perhap
21、s this “messy“ aspect of science that contributes to a hesitation within the scientific community to publish negative data. In an ever more competitive environment, it may be that scientific journals prefer to publish studies with clear and specific conclusions. Indeed, Daniele Fanelli of the Univer
22、sity of Edinburgh suggests that results may be distorted by a “publish or perish“ culture in which the progress of scientific careers depends on the frequency and quality of citations. This leads to a situation in which data that support a hypothesis may be perceived in a more positive light and rec
23、eive more citations than data that only generate more questions and uncertainty.Despite the effects of this competitive environment, however, a willingness to publish negative data is emerging among researchers. Publications that emphasize positive findings are of course useful, but a more balanced
24、presentation of all the data, including negative or failed experiments, would also make a significant contribution to scientific progress.6 Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?（A）Negative data lies at the core of scientific progress.（B） Non-confirmatory data ar
25、e not receiving corresponding attention.（C） The mission of hypothesis-driven research is to reject current ideas.（D）Confirmatory data are the major stimulus to further research.7 Karl Popper is cited to illustrate_.（A）the nature of scientific progress（B） the value of non-confirmatory results（C） the
26、importance of refutation on scientistspath to success（D）the necessity of cooperation among scientists8 Publication of non-confirmatory findings may result in_.（A）researchers bias against confirmatory data（B） the waste of research resources（C） the acceleration of scientific discoveries（D）a more balan
27、ced perspective of individual efforts and teamwork9 To which of the following might Daniele Fanelli agree?（A）The frequency and quality of citations reflect the quality of a paper.（B） Positive data hinder us from understanding the messy nature of science.（C） The competitive environment makes it impos
28、sible to publish negative data.（D）The present publication culture is adverse to scientific progress.10 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）A New View of Hypothesis-driven Research（B） Criticism of the “Publish or Perish“ Culture（C） Respective Values of Negative Data and Pos
29、itive Data（D）An Argument in Favor of Negative Data10 Adam Smith, free-market partisan: this image dominates, even in market-weary times. Politicians invoke him as a near-deity. Think tanks use his name as a synonym for free-market policies. So dogmatic is he imagined to be in his famous book The Wea
30、lth of Nations that the writer-activist Riane Eisler wrote a corrective titled The Real Wealth of Nations : Creating a Caring Economics.The implication that his economics was uncaring might have disturbed Adam Smith, for he was hardly the man that many now think him to be. While he believed that mar
31、kets could channel self-interest into efficient aggregate outcomes, he argued that this was no excuse for selfishness: “When the happiness or misery of others depends in any respect upon our conduct, we dare not, as self-love might suggest to us, prefer the interest of one to that of many. “ That qu
32、otation is not from The Wealth of Nations, Smiths best-known work, but from The Theory of Moral Sentiments , his lesser-known opus. It offers a reminder that Smith was a subtle, complex thinker whose ideas about markets and those who use them would embarrass many of his present-day devotees.Smith is
33、 often treated like the philosopher of the Goldman Sachs bonus, as the defender of an any-thing-goes capitalism. But in Moral Sentiments he sharply criticizes the idea that self-interest is enough. A healthy society, Smith believed, requires trust, so that bankers lend. It requires sympathy: the boo
34、ks first words praise the feelings in every person that “interest him in the fortune of others. “It requires regulation, transparency and other mechanisms of fair play. In Smiths vision, greed is socially beneficial only when properly harnessed and channeled.But Moral Sentiments does more than just
35、balance our understanding of Smith. It is also a thorough analysis of money and the human character. If The Wealth of Nations was Smith the economist describing the workings of the market, Moral Sentiments is Smith the social psychologist describing how humans actually employ that market. “To what p
36、urpose is all the toil and bustle of this world?“ Smith asks. We ever insist on “bettering our condition,“ he writes, not out of necessity, not to feed or clothe ourselves, but for vanity: “To be observed, to be attended to, to be taken notice of with sympathy. “ His words seem strangely relevant to
37、 this age of elusive dinner reservations and fractional jet ownership.Smith saw, as well, how the powerful are encouraged in their vanity by the rest of us: how we puff them up, hang on their deeds, pay more attention to them than to the unfortunate, and gradually make them sense that they can get a
38、way with anything. The ambitious man, Smith writes, comes to believe “that the brilliancy of his future conduct will entirely cover, or efface, the foulness of the steps by which he arrived at that elevation. “ It is this sense of impunity that worried Smith about the wealth pursuit.11 Riane Eislers
39、 work is mentioned in Paragraph 1 to_.（A）exemplify the doubts about free-market economics（B） reveal the less-known image of Adam Smith（C） demonstrate the stereotype about Adam Smith（D）introduce the real nature of economics12 The Theory of Moral Sentiments would embarrass those who believe that_.（A）m
40、arket is merciless in nature（B） greed can be socially beneficial（C） they can benefit from the fortune of others（D）market requires regulation13 The title the author probably agrees to grant Smith is_.（A）a subtle, complex thinker（B） uncaring economist（C） philosopher of the Goldman Sachs bonus（D）defend
41、er of an anything goes-capitalism14 It can be said that The Wealth of Nations and Moral Sentiments are_.（A）complementary（B） contradictory（C） similar（D）identical15 According to this passage, the most destructive factor to a market is_.（A）human greed（B） mans lust for power（C） the sense of impunity（D）t
42、he lack of regulation15 In 2009 Rupert Murdoch called Google and other search engines “content kleptomaniacs“. Now cash-strapped newspapers want to put legal pressure on what they see as parasitical news aggregators. In Germany politicians are considering a bill to extend copyright protection to exc
43、erpts of newspaper articles appearing in search engines results.Giving away the headline and first sentence of an article supposedly dissuades readers from clicking through to the newspapers website to read the entire story. Critics also say that lifting even snippets of articles means Google can se
44、ll advertisements alongside them on its search platform(though Google News carries no ads). But the benefit goes the other way, too. Google says it directs 4 billion clicks to news websites every month; perhaps as much as three-quarters of Google News users go on to read the full article. And newspa
45、pers can add a tag to their pages so that they do not appear in Google News.German lawmakers will start to discuss the bill this month, and it could pass next spring. Newspapers will then probably join forces to set up a collecting society, rather as the music industry collects royalties on songs.Go
46、ogle has said that having to pay for articles could “threaten its very existence“. But its most likely response would be to remove pages from newspaper sites in the countries concerned from its search results. That would hit media outlets that depend on search-engine traffic to boost their revenues
47、from online adverts. Even Mr Murdoch, who pulled his newspapers from Googles search results in 2010, decided in September that headlines and teaser text from the articles should reappear.Newspapers are claiming that copyright law is on their side. Americas laws are more relaxed than most of Europes,
48、 so search engines use of some material from articles qualifies there as “fair use“. But in Belgium a group of newspapers sued Google for news copyright infringement and won.The real issue behind all this, however, is the decline of traditional media. Even if some countries do get Google to pay up f
49、or using their headlines and some text from articles, it will hardly plug the holes in their newspapers revenues, or speed their restructuring. Jan Malinowski, a media expert at the Council of Europe, says trying to get Google to pay for articles “is like trying to ban Gutenbergs printing press in order to protect the scribes“.The legal pressure may in any case be overtaken by changes in business models. Newspapers have mostly avoided charging users for reading articles in the hope of boosting visitor num
