1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 72 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 A recent Woody Allen movie Midnight in Paris delivers a slightly changed version of a famous William Faulkner quotation. Faulkner himself would likely ha
2、ve been pleased. But his estate sued, arguing, absurdly, that using the quote was a copyright violation. Also last week, the Supreme Court heard a copyright case that could make it illegal to resell books, even household objects without the permission of the manufacturer.Copyright has been getting o
3、ut of control for some time, but the Faulkner lawsuit and the Supreme Court case show just how bad things are getting. If the Courts and Congress do not put a halt to this expansion, copyright owners will be able to lock up more and more intellectual property.The nations founders put protection of c
4、opyright in the Constitution because they rightly saw it as a way to encourage artists and scientists to create. Samuel Johnson may have been overstating things when he said “No man but a blockhead ever wrote except for money. “ But ensuring that authors are decently paid for their work certainly en
5、courages them to create.The trouble is, copyright owners have gotten far too assertive about promoting their rights. The Faulkner estates suit is an example of copyright holders increasing willingness to sue over even minor uses of their work. Copyright law allows for “fair use“ it allows people to
6、use parts of copyrighted books under certain circumstances, including when the amount of the work used is not excessive and it is being put to a creative or scholarly use. The Woody Allen quote should clearly be protected as fair use. If it is not, artists will have to be much more careful when they
7、 make even glancing references to the work of other artists. That would be troubling because much art builds on what came before it. Faulkner did this as much as anyone.The case the Supreme Court heard last week poses a challenge to the “first sale“ doctrine, which lets people who buy copyrighted it
8、ems to resell them as they wish. The publisher John Wiley explanations for beliefs follow. 1 call this process, wherein our perceptions about reality are dependent on the beliefs that we hold about it, belief-dependent realism. Reality exists independent of human minds, but our understanding of it d
9、epends on the beliefs we hold at any given time.I patterned belief-dependent realism after model-dependent realism, presented by physicists Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow in their book The Grand Design. There they argue that because no one model is adequate to explain reality, “one cannot be s
10、aid to be more real than the other. “ When these models are coupled to theories, they form entire worldviews.Once we form beliefs and make commitments to them, we maintain and reinforce them through a number of powerful cognitive biases that distort our percepts to fit belief concepts. On the top of
11、 all these biases, there is the in-group bias, in which we place more value on the beliefs of those whom we perceive to be fellow members of our group and less on the beliefs of those from different groups. This is a result of our evolved tribal brains leading us not only to place such value judgmen
12、t on beliefs but also to dismiss them as nonsense or evil, or both.Belief-dependent realism is driven even deeper by a meta-bias called the bias blind spot, or the tendency to recognize the power of cognitive biases in other people but to be blind to their influence on our own beliefs. Even scientis
13、ts are not immune, subject to experimenter-expectation bias, or the tendency for observers to select and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment and to disbelieve data that do not.This dependency on belief and its host of psychological biases is why, in scien
14、ce, we have built-in self-correcting machinery. Strict double-blind controls are required, in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know the conditions during data collection. Collaboration with colleagues is vital. Results are vetted at conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. Research
15、 is replicated in other laboratories. Dis-confirming evidence and contradictory interpretations of data are included in the analysis. If you dont seek data and arguments against your theory, someone else will, usually with great glee and in a public forum. This is why skepticism is a sine qua non of
16、 science, the only escape we have from the belief-dependent realism trap created by our believing brains.6 The author uses his own practices to show that our beliefs are often_.（A）prejudiced（B） false（C） irrational（D）changeable7 In the authors view, reality is the combination of_.（A）culturally-depend
17、ent beliefs（B） objective facts（C） explainable beliefs（D）convincing intellectual arguments8 We tend to accept beliefs that_.（A）are consistent with our cultural values（B） strike us as foreign and novel（C） come from our own work groups（D）are powerful but biased9 The bias blind spot can prompt a scienti
18、st to_.（A）overemphasize the value of experiments（B） refuse to accept the failure of his experiments（C） discard some valuable data（D）disbelieve data collected by others10 II can be inferred from the last paragraph that the self-correcting process in science requires_.（A）strict controls（B） individual
19、wisdom（C） persistent innovation（D）shared efforts10 How has the internet changed the role of record companies? To many, it seemed the digital world would render record labels obsolete. However, a new report suggests that far from marginalizing labels, the internet has actually made them more importan
20、t. The core business of record companies is investing in artists in order to break them to large audiences. The report shows that, although the nature of the investment is fast-evolving, the backing of record companies is as vital to the careers of artists as it ever was.How have labels stayed not j
21、ust relevant but essential in the DIY age? First, they have refused to compromise on their core missiondeveloping new acts. Investment in artists and repertoire has defied a declining world market. Second, the role filled by record companies is skilled, costly and one which no other sector is prepar
22、ed to play.Another reason is that artists may have the tools to record, publish and distribute their own work, but they still want record labels as partners to support their professional careers.()f course the exact shape of the “deal“ is evolving. Larger advances to new signings are harder to find,
23、 but at the same time labels have adapted their services to new areas such as brand partnerships where they share revenues with artists.One of the most significant trends highlighted in the report is the shift from mass media advertising to consumer-focused, digital-led marketing. Gone are the days
24、when marketing campaigns were only a-bout TV and print advertising. Labels today give artists the tools and support they need to develop deeper and more engaging relationships with their fans.Finally, record companies have also reinvented their relationship with their consumers. Having long fought w
25、ith internet piracy, the music industry is now offering a fantastic range of high quality music services. This, in turn, appears to be driving a much better outlook for the global market. Global revenues in the first nine months of 2012 were down 1 per centour smallest annual revenue decline in eigh
26、t years.The positive message is that, for the music industry, the age of self-publishing has been more an opportunity than a threat. The partnership between artists and the labels has evolved and endured. As Keith Harris, manager of the great Stevie Wonder, captures it in the report; “There is an in
27、visible line in this business between amateur and professional. Until someone has invested time and money in you, you are on the amateur side of the line. And the truth is, no one is interested in an amateur. Theyre interested in a professional“.At the centre of this positive story, and supporting a
28、ll that record companies do, is copyright. Record labels continued investment in music reflects confidence in the future of the value of copyright. That is why we go to such lengths to ensure that copyright is properly respected and protected.11 Which of the following aspects about record companies
29、remains unchanged in the DIY age?（A）Their core mission.（B） The nature of their investment.（C） Their status in the entertaining industry.（D）The forms of their cooperation with artists12 It is indicated in Paragraphs 3 and 4 that record labels nowadays_.（A）rarely pay artists in advance（B） depend heavi
30、ly on mass media advertising（C） have flexible cooperation with artists（D）cater to the demands of music fans13 Keith Harriss words are cited to illustrate_.（A）the distinction between amateurs and professionals（B） the difficulty for artists to promote professional careers（C） record labels interest in
31、professionals instead of amateurs（D）the indispensable role of record labels to the careers of artists14 Record labels are most likely to be shaken by_.（A）a declining world market（B） high investment costs（C） artists self-publishing（D）a loose copyright law15 Which of the following would be the best ti
32、tle for the text?（A）Record Companies; A New Era Lies Ahead（B） Record Labels: Flourishing in the DIY Age（C） What Has the Internet Brought to Record Labels ?（D）Where Might the Relationship between Record Labels and Artists Go?15 Weve all heard about how millennials have been raised by “helicopter pare
33、nts,“ who hover over them and protect them from criticism and disappointment. The result is a “teacup“ generation of young people who may appear outwardly perfect, but are easily shattered. Sheltered from critique and failure, members of this generation ooze unearned confidence at the office, as man
34、y older co-workers and managers attest. The terms “self-involved“ and “overly praised“ are often used to describe Gen Y. However, Gen Y does have many qualities that can be extremely beneficial in the workplace. They are very optimistic, thrive on volunteerism, and work hard when the work is somethi
35、ng they believe in, or at least understand.So what does this mean for our workforce today, and how should managers handle their millennial employees? Its necessary to understand this generation. Parents, teachers and coaches have praised Gen Y childrenand handed out trophies, awards, and medals by t
36、he truckloadmerely for showing up. When this generation joins the workforce, its understandable that they continue expecting praise and prizes, and even job offers and promotions, simply for being present. Gen Y was raised on personalization. They played video games with avatars that were created in
37、 their likeness. Their Facebook ads cater to their hobbies and interests. Everything is a reflection of their individuality. As a result they demand, even in the workplace, to be treated uniquely.Parents, teachers and peers have given Gen Y instantaneous responses. They send a text to a friend and r
38、eceive a reply 30 seconds later. They cant imagine only receiving feedback once a year at their job. Nothing in this generations life is permanent. The world has been in constant flux. This group grew up with options, and they expect their careers and work environments to also be filled with choices
39、.So where to we go from here? Three of these factors cant be put back in the box. Immediate feedback will always be expected. Customization is here to stay. Permanence is gone. But what we can and SHOULD change is the mindset of the generation that says simply showing up is enough to justify rewards
40、, in the form of praise and promotions.The good news is that the generations greatest strengths optimism, confidence, sensitivity, truly caring about the world and their place in it can be powerful tools to changing the apathy toward performance. Managers can be a guiding hand in transforming the ou
41、tlook of young workers. By utilizing personalized leadership development tools available anytime, anywhere, we can push Gen Y team members to enhance their strengths and become top performers. The result will be a sense of fulfillment, not for merely arriving at work, but rather for ideas, results,
42、and performance. By capitalizing on the unique contributions and strengths of this generation, well be creating a better workforce as a whole.16 The opening paragraph intends to toll us that millennials_.（A）are brought up by indulgent parents（B） can barely survive in the workplace（C） are self-center
43、ed and arrogant employees（D）can be guided into a productive workforce17 The growth environment of Gen Y reflects a belief that_.（A）praise can change idiot to genius（B） no pains, no gains（C） failure is the mother of success（D）criticism and self-criticism are guarantees of progress18 Gen Y expects wor
44、k environments to be with choices because they highlight_.（A）immediate feedback（B） change（C） customization（D）participation19 To help Gen Y achieve a sense of fulfillment, the author suggests managers to focus on Gen Ys_.（A）personalized leadership style（B） positive working attitudes（C） full work pote
45、ntialities（D）desire to be good employees20 The authors attitude towards Gen Ys effect on our workforce today is one of_.（A）optimistic（B） doubtful（C） gloomy（D）worried考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 72 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (4
46、0 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 首段列举了两个有关版权诉讼的案例“福克纳诉讼案”与“最高法院听证案”。案例一中，诉讼方仅仅因为电影使用了作家的一句话就控告其侵权。案例二中诉讼方的要求甚至会导致“家庭日用品再销售”都需要得到制造商许可。第二段则指出，版权失控已有一段时间，这两个案例表明了这种趋势的愈演愈烈，并呼吁法院和国会对此加以限制，可见，第一段旨在借两案例指出版权诉讼的盛行，D选项正确。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 根据题干中人名直接定位到第三段。塞缪尔约翰逊利用双重否定结构 No manbutexcept for(只有傻瓜才不会是
47、为钱而写作)表达肯定观点：作家写作根本上是为了钱。另外，上文(第三段第一句)，开国者旨在利用版权法鼓励艺术家进行创作，随后引用了约翰逊的话语虽然过于夸大，但确保作家能够获得体面的收入确实可以激励他们去创作。可见本段中作者是在肯定合理版权法存在的必要性，约翰逊的说法应该是支持作家对其作品收费。C选项正确。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 原文对伍迪艾伦引用福克纳一案的论述集中在第四段。前两句指出现状，版权所有者过于推进自己的权利，即便是对他们的作品稍加引用都会发起诉讼。第三、四句作者指出；版权法允许对他人作品的“合理使用”，伍迪艾伦的引用应受到保护。最后指出，否则，艺术家即使瞄
48、一眼他人作品也要加倍小心，而艺术又是建立在原有艺术基础之上的。可见，作者认为该保护伍迪艾伦的理由是基于“艺术原本需要借鉴他人”这一事实，A选项正确。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 原文对 John Wiley&Sons 诉讼案的论述集中在第五段。由该段可知，假若该公司胜诉，则会使得人们无法在美国境内随意转售海外生产的商品。由“难于转售(difficultto resell)”可推出选项B正确。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 末句指出，“信息免费，从根本上废除版权”的做法太过了。随后转而指出，但信息也不应该向“福克纳遗产管理者要求的那样贵”，联系第三段可知
49、：即，应视“稍微引用他人作品”为合法行为，D选项正确。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 第一段作者首先介绍自身做法：一旦就某事形成观点，就会成为一种信念，且会用各种认知偏见来固执地维护其正确性。末句进而指出，这其实是我们大多数人最通常的做法。可见，作者意在以自身行为来说明人们的信念通常是主观的、带有偏见的。所以A选项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 第二段末句作者指出，现实独立于人类大脑，但我们对它的理解却取决于我们所持有的观念。可见，作者认为，事实其实是客观存在的，因此B选项正确。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 第四段指出，我们对自己信念的坚持会被“组内偏见(in-group bias)”进一步强化，并说明这一概念的含义：我们看重自己组内成员的观念，轻视他组成员的观念。末句进一步指出，我们进化形成的部落意识使我们生成了这样的价值判断。可见，我们容易接受的是那些和自身价值观一致的观念。A选项正确。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】
