1、考研英语-试卷 72及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Researchers have found that migrating animals use a variety of inner compasses to help
2、them navigate. Some (1)_ by the position of the Sun. Others navigate by the stars. Some use the Sun as (2)_ guide during the day, and then (3)_ to star navigation by night. One study shows that the homing pigeon uses the Earth“s magnetic fields as a guide (4)_ finding its way home, and there are ind
3、ications that various other animals, from insects to mollusks (软体动物), can also make (5)_ of magnetic compasses. (6)_ is of course very useful for a migrating bird to be able to switch to magnetic compass when clouds cover the sun; (7)_ it Would just have to land and wait for the Sun to come out agai
4、n. (8)_ with the Sun or stars to steer by, the problems of navigation are more complicated (9)_ they might seem at first. For example, a worker honeybee (10)_ has found a rich source of nectar and pollen flies rapidly home to the hive to (11)_: A naturalist has discovered that the bee scout (12)_ he
5、r report through complicated dance in the hive, (13)_ she tells the other workers not only how far away the food is, but also what direction to fly in (14)_ to the Sun. (15)_ the Sun does not stay in one place all day. As the workers start (16)_ to gather the food, the Sun may (17)_ have changed its
6、 position in the sky somewhat. In later trips during the day, the Sun seems to move farther and farther toward the west. Yet the worker bees seem to have no (18)_ at all in finding the food source. Their inner (19)_ tell them just where the Sun will be, and they change their course (20)_.（分数：40.00）A
7、.moveB.flyC.steerD.swimA.theirB.itsC.one“sD.theirsA.convertB.switchC.plungeD.revolveA.inB.atC.forD.onA.wayB.senseC.useD.advantageA.ThisB.ThatC.WhatD.ItA.otherwiseB.howeverC.meanwhileD.neverthelessA.StillB.EvenC.YetD.WhileA.whenB.asC.thanD.as thoughA.thatB.ifC.whenD.irA.reportB.sayC.tellD.remindA.tra
8、nsmitB.doC.transfersD.deliversA.howB.whyC.in whichD.in this wayA.orderB.functionC.relationD.responseA.AndB.AlsoC.ForD.ButA.awayB.onC.withD.outA.alreadyB.yetC.certainlyD.finallyA.funB.troubleC.useD.wayA.timesB.clocksC.journalsD.circumferencesA.cooperativelyB.coordinatelyC.correspondinglyD.coherently二
9、、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Fortunately there are still a few tasty things for us gourmands to enjoy in relative security. Their numbers, how
10、ever, are depleted almost daily. It seems, by ruthless proclamations from the ever-vigilant Food and Drug Administration and its allies, our doctors. The latest felon to face prosecution is the salt of life, sodium chloride. Ostensibly, overuse of salt muses high blood pressure and hypertension, the
11、 cause of half the deaths in the United States every year. A few years ago the anti-salt campaigners raised such a rumpus that salt was banned from baby food. Currently pressure is being applied to food manufacturers to oblige them to label their products to show sodium content. Bemuse doing so woul
12、d cost mercenary manufacturers money, they argue that they have no idea how much salt remains on such things as potato chips and how much sticks to the bag. Furthermore, salt isn“t the only harmful ingredient in food. If the manufacturer has to provide sodium content, why not require him to list eve
13、ry ingredient and specify which are detrimental to our health? Cigarettes have a warning printed on them. Shouldn“t the same type of warning appear on canned foods that are notoriously over-salted? There are endless ifs and buts in the controversy, but the most telling of these is the questionable p
14、roof of salt“s diabolic effect upon blood pressure. True, people who cut their salt intake lowered their blood pressure, but where is the scientific proof that something other than salt didn“t do the trick? The most common means of providing dubious proof that salt causes hyper tension is to compare
15、 societies that use little salt with those that use mountains of salt in their daily diets. Which group has the higher rate of hypertension? Whose blood pressure is lower? What happens when salt is introduced into a group where salt is a novelty? Does the blood pressure rise significantly? Studies o
16、f the Japanese indicate that as the world“s greatest salters, they suffer the most from hypertension. On the other hand, the simple, salt-free cuisine of several tribes in the Solomon Islands has kept older tribesmen and women from developing hypertension and high blood pressure, ailments traditiona
17、lly killing their peers in America. No account is taken of the effects of inflation, recession, pollution, crime, and sundry other ills to which Americans unlike people on primitive islands, are exposed. To salt or not to salt? That is the question. Now that the question has arisen, it must not be t
18、reated with levity but, rather, with searching scientific investigation so that those of us who are preoccupied with both savory food and longevity may decide which of the two is worth its salt.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the attitude of the author of this passage toward the salt controversy?（分数：2.00）A.We
19、 must stop eating salt immediately.B.She is not convinced that salt is harmful.C.The Food and Drug Administration works well with doctors.D.Soon there won“t be anything tasty left to eat.(2).What is the author“s attitude to the topic?（分数：2.00）A.Angry.B.Humorous.C.Scientific.D.Sympathetic:(3).What do
20、es the word “felon“(Sentence 4, Paragraph 1) probably mean?（分数：2.00）A.foodB.additiveC.criminalD.gourmand(4).Food manufacturers do not want to label packages with sodium content because_.（分数：2.00）A.they disagree with the FDAB.salt doesn“t stick to potato chipsC.they would have to spend more moneyD.it
21、 isn“t important to single out salt(5).Which of the following is the author“s suggestion with regard to the salt controversy?（分数：2.00）A.Americans should learn a lesson form Japanese.B.Compare societies that little salt with those use mountains of salt in their daily diets.C.We should eat as little s
22、alt as possible.D.Do scientific investigation and let people themselves make choices.In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where most of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the
23、largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two factors: the collapse of the cotton industry, which began i
24、n 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants“ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a bac
25、kground that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills. But the question of who actually left the South has never been thoroughly investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus(大批出走) from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migr
26、ation, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits“, the federal census category roughly encompassing the enti
27、re industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. About thirty-five p
28、ercent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slaveryblacksmiths, masons, carpenterswhich had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and out-date. The remaini
29、ng sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industriestobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskille
30、d workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. During that period, urban black workers faced competition from the continuing arrival of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus a move north would be seen as ad
31、vantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their sub-sequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?（分数：
32、2.00）A.United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930.B.Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930.C.The Volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910.D.The federal census of 1910.(2).According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern citi
33、es in 1910?（分数：2.00）A.They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.B.They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.C.They had increased in large southern cities and decreased in small southern cities.D.They had increased in newly developed industri
34、es but decreased in the older trades.(3).The author cities each of the following as possible influences in a Black workers“ decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.wage levels in northern citiesB.voting rights in northern statesC.the Black pressD.competition from the rura
35、l workers(4).It can be inferred from the passage that “easy conclusion“(Paragraph 3) is based on one of the following assumptions:（分数：2.00）A.People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.B.Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rur
36、al areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.C.People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.D.Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as un- skilled workers.(5).The primary purpose
37、of the passage is to_.（分数：2.00）A.argue that a discarded theory deserves new attentionB.present evidence that resolves a contradictionC.introduce a recently discovered source of informationD.challenge a widely accepted explanationThe mental health movement in the United States began with a period of
38、considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid-1800s 20 state
39、s had established asylums. But during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in
40、 the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the fights of patients were all but forgotten. These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new
41、 treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspapers called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvemen
42、ts were made, and Dr. David Vail“s Humane Practices Programme is a beacon for today. But changes were store in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights Movement led lawyers to investigate America“s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn follo
43、wed prisoners into the institutions that were worse than the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their fights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who wer
44、e considered “crazy“ and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large dose of major tranquillizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and eas
45、y to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which, once exposed, was hound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Judicial interventions have ha
46、d some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility f
47、or delivery of mental heath care and assurance of patient fights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to
48、 assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.（分数：10.00）(1).The main purpose of the passage is to_.（分数：2.00）A.discuss the influence of Dorothea Dix on the mental health movementB.provide a historical perspective on problems of mental health careC.increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally illD.shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylums(2).The author“s attitude towards patients in stare institutions cart best be described as_.（分数：2.00）A.inflexible and insensitiveB.detached and neu
