1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 77 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 You are going to read a text about how to be a good boss, followed by examples or quotations. Choose the most suitable example or quotation from the list
2、 A-F for each numbered subheading(15).There is one extra example or quotation that you do not need to use.Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly different from person to person, as one persons view of a first-rate employer will differ from som
3、ebody elses. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses.“Being a good boss is important in any organization, but its particularly important for small b
4、usiness,“ says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company. “Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to busine
5、ss, consider the following list of skills, strategies and attributes:【R1 】Be InclusiveWith a smaller operation, its essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of comp
6、ensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged._【R2 】Mission, Not Just MoneyVery few businesses operate out of sheer selflessness, but thats not to say that turning a profit
7、is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business missioa How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the central focus the boss wants to set. _【R3 】Nothing to Fear But Fear ItselfMany of us have had bosses who would be right at h
8、ome with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun-shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance. _【R4 】Its Their
9、Careers, TooDont forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, its not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves. _【R5 】Made, Not Necessarily Born
10、One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many ou
11、tstanding bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees. _A“Its important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But i
12、ts also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake,“ says Sheehan.B“You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain tha
13、t everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have,“ says SheehaaC“People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities,“ says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to
14、their utmost. “DIf an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans.EFor instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-st
15、rapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers health. Not only can a clear mission(responsibility)serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs.F“This requires a mentality that encourages learnin
16、g rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know were not going to kill each other if things dont work out,“ says Sheehaa “I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympi
17、cs. Its a question of what you want to focus on. “1 【R1 】2 【R2 】3 【R3 】4 【R4 】5 【R5 】5 You are going to read a text about the ways you can fight city hall, followed by a list of examples. Choose the most suitable example from the list AF for each numbered subheading(1 5). There is one extra example
18、which you do not need to use.Dont believe the myth that you cant fight city hall. Its not true. From coast to coast, individuals and citizens groups have been seizing the initiative and solving their problems, big and small. They are getting potholes repaired, changing irritating parking regulations
19、, even helping to sweep entire neighborhoods clean of litter and drug dealers and prostitutes.Here are five effective ways that you, too, can get action on the local level;【R1 】Nip Problems in the BudOften a simple person-to-person approach will prevent an irritant from becoming a full-blown problem
20、.【R2 】Take the Two-track ApproachWhen you must go to city hall, remember to contact both an elected politician and the bureaucrat who is responsible for actually getting the job done._【R3 】Generate PublicityPoliticians really dont like to see too many people against them. Theyre always looking for t
21、he Almighty Vote._【R4 】Be PersistentFollow up when someone in government is supposed to get back to you. Put all your requests in writing and send letters by certified mail, keeping copies of all your communications._【R5 】Cooperate with City HallLocal governments dont respond well to groups that onl
22、y bring problems. They want people they can work with as partners. _Millions of ordinary taxpayers have discovered that, with perseverance and common sense, they can mobilize local government to become responsive to the needs and wishes of citizens. Its a modern version of our Founding Fathers ideal
23、that government should serve the people, not the other way around.ALincoln, Neb. resident Ron Francis and his neighbors noticed that an auto-repair shop in their area was warehousing its cars on a one-block section of T Street. Because parking was allowed on both sides of the narrow street, city fir
24、e trucks would not be able to get through. The Hartley Neighborhood Association, of which Francis is a board member, petitioned Lincolns transportation department to change the parking regulations. Meanwhile, they notified the Councilman Eric Youngberg. “We try to keep our councilman aware of what w
25、ere doing,“ says Francis. “Theres nothing worse than allowing him to be surprised when someone else in the government asks him about an issue. “ In just a few weeks, the rules were changed to allow parking only on one side of the street.BSeattle resident Steve Zemke had been suggesting trash recycli
26、ng since 1979, but the city always ignored the idea. In 1986, with landfill space running out and disposal rates becoming expensive, the city council was ready to invest in a trash incinerator. Zemke and Ray Hoffman, the recycling groups executive director, sensed that the time was ripe. They met wi
27、th council members, who prompted the city to conduct a study, which showed much more of Seattles trash stream could be recycled than originally had been thought. The city chose a target of 60 percent Voluntary recycling was given a chance, and today 55 percent of suitable city residences participate
28、, with the city council and mayor solidly behind the program.CFor years, students, parents, and teachers at North Hollywood High School in Los Angles had been talking about the need of a traffic light at the busy intersection near the school. Then, in September 1985, three friends of Straus, the sch
29、ools student-body president, were run down and seriously injured while crossing the intersection. Straus transformed his shocked emotions into steadfast determination and mapped out a strategy. Instead of attacking the City, he spoke calmly about the need to correct the problem. The city-council mem
30、bers agreed to draw up a written request for a traffic light, and convinced the transportation bureau to measure the traffic flow at the intersection. The field test showed a traffic light was warranted, and one was installed by spring 1986.DThe 20-block business district in Joseph Ciceros neighborh
31、ood in Chicago had fallen into disrepair, and many stores had become vacant. Undesirables moved ingangs, drug dealers, prostitutes, 25-cent peep shows. Cicero and local business owners asked Chicago officials to plant trees, install new streetlights and benches. In return, the owners agreed that the
32、y would renovate their storefronts and buildings. One improvement program led to another. Brisker business brought the city and state more than $ 1 million per year in property taxes above what they had been collecting. As legitimate business revives, the prostitutes and gangs dont feel welcome anym
33、ore. “Theres no one left to do business with,“says Cicero.EMeeting the trash collectors at the curb with a couple of ice-cold sodas on a hot summer day, for example, is a good way to ask them not to spill garbage on the street or play shot put with your refuse cans.FIn 1982 the City of New York issu
34、ed new parking and sanitation rules for Rosemarie OKeefes neighborhood in Brooklyn. Street garbage would be reduced, and 300 parking meters would be installed in front of homes where residents without garages or driveways were parking for free. OKeefe leaped into actioa She and a neighbor printed mo
35、re than 2,000 fliers describing the citys plans and distributed them door-to-door. They then borrowed a local club and called residents to a meeting with district leaders and transportation boards showing up, and in the end the city orders were abolished.6 【R1 】7 【R2 】8 【R3 】9 【R4 】10 【R5 】10 In the
36、 following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1 5, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Lets imagine that someone from the year 1970 miraculously traveled forward in t
37、ime to today. You could show her one of the iPhones that Steve Jobs helped create, and shed be thunderstruck. People back then imagined wireless communication, but they never imagined you could funnel an entire worlds worth of information through a pocket-sized device. The time traveler would be vib
38、rating with excitement. Shed want to know what other technological marvels had been invented in the past 41 years. Youd have to bring her down gently. We dont have any of those things. 【R1】_.A number of writers have grappled with this innovation slowdown. 【R2 】_. But the pace of change is slowing do
39、wn in many other sectors. As Peter Thiel points out, we travel at the same speeds as we did a half-century ago, whether on the ground or in the air. We rely on the same basic energy sources. The Green Revolution improved grain yields by 126 percent from 1950 to 1980, but yields have risen only by 47
40、 percent in the decades since.If you buy the innovation stagnation thesis, three explanations seem most compelling. First, the double hump nature of the learning curve. 【R3】_. We have hit the trough phase in all sorts of problems genetics, energy, research into cancer and Alzheimers. Breakthroughs w
41、ill come, just not as soon as we thought.Then, there has been a loss of Utopian elaa If you go back and think about Americas big Worlds Fairs or if you read about Bell Labs in its heyday or Silicon Valley in the 1980s or 1990s, you see people in the grip of Utopian visions. They imagine absurdly per
42、fect worlds. They feel as though they have the power to begin the world anew. These were delusions, but inspiring delusions. This utopianism is almost nowhere to be found today. Thiel point out that science fiction is moribund; the new work is dystopian, not inspiring.【R4】_. NASAs early failures wer
43、e seen as steps along the way to a glorious future.In addition, there is no essential culture clash. Look at the Steve Jobs obituaries. Over the course of his life, he combined three asynchronous idea spaces the counterculture of the 1960s, the culture of early computer geeks and the culture of corp
44、orate America. There was LSD, “The Whole Earth Catalogue“ and spiritual exploration in India. There were also nerdy hours devoted to trying to build a box to make free phone calls. The merger of these three idea networks set off a cascade of innovations, producing not only new products and managemen
45、t styles but also a new ideal personality the corporate boss in jeans and the long-sleeve black T-shirt. Formerly marginal people came together, competed fiercely and tried to resolve their own uncomfortable relationships with society.The roots of great innovation are never just in the technology it
46、self. They are always in the wider historical context. They require new ways of seeing. 【R5】_. If you want to be the next Steve Jobs and end the innovation stagnation, maybe you should start in hip-hop.AThe science-fiction writer Neal Stephenson has just published a piece called “Innovation Starvati
47、on“ in World Policy Journal and Peter Thiel, who helped create PayPal and finance Facebook, had an essay called “The End of the Future“ in National Review.BThere has been incredible innovation in information technology. Robotics also seems to be humming along nicely, judging by how few workers are n
48、eeded by manufacturing plants now.CShed ask about space colonies on Mars, flying cars, superfast nuclear-powered airplanes, artificial organs. Shed want to know how doctors ended up curing cancer and senility.DAs Einstein put it, “The significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level o
49、f thinking we were at when we created them. “EWhen researchers are climbing the first hillside of any problem, they think they can see the top. But once they get there, they realize things are more complicated than they thought. They have to return to fundamentals and climb an even steeper hill ahead.FThe environmentalist ethos has undermined the faith in gee-whiz technological wizardry. Legal institutions and the cable TV cult
