1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 80 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A G to fit into each of the number
2、ed blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Confronted with a sink suddenly leaking water many homeowners have neither the knowledge nor the materials to make the repair themselves. In choosing a plumber they generally have to rely on some sort of signal of quality. A
3、recommendation from a stranger helps; a recommendation from a sensible neighbour can help even more; prior, direct experience is best of all.Government regulators can be said to be permanently in need of plumbers. Faced with a rapidly changing market and technological advancesof financial instrument
4、s, medical therapies, agricultural methods, software- the regulatory agencies have to make decisions quickly. 【R1】_.Jerry Kim, an assistant professor of business at Columbia University, wanted to test the relationship between reputation and regulatory treatment at the Food and Drug Administration(FD
5、A). He looked at 884 New Drug Applications(NDAs)submitted to the FDA for approval between 1990 and 2004. A firms reputation, in this case, depended not on its market share or the use of its drugs, but its generation of knowledge and innovation. 【R2】_.The hypothesis proved correct: the higher the fir
6、ms reputation, the more likely that its drugs would speed through the approval process. Other factors influenced FDA approval as well. 【R3 】_. A firms political contributions, meanwhile, were a non-factor.Mr. Kim also found a curious side effect of the drug-approval process. The FDA has a special “p
7、riority“ rating for those drugs believed to be significantly better than existing treatments.(New drugs, or those first to treat a disease, are more likely to be designated priority.)There was no statistically significant relationship, however, between a firms reputation and the likelihood of its ap
8、plication receiving priority status. 【R4】_. In separate research, Mr. Kim found that the approved drugs from high-status firms were more likely to prompt product recalls or warnings. In short, the established firms may travel more easily.Mr. Kim draws two lessons from his findings. One is practical;
9、 new biotech firms may want to partner with veterans to get their products to market more quickly and establish a strong reputation. The second is to adopt a healthy skepticism about the ability of regulators to protect the public. 【R5】_. “These people. really are dedicated to serving public interes
10、t and theyre trying their best,“ says Mr. Kim of his talks with FDA researchers. “The problem is, their best is not always good enough. “ADrugs targeted at “underserved“ illnesses(those that lack good treatments)were approved more quickly, for example, while any drug submitted after a product recall
11、, regardless of whether or not it was related to the recalled drug, was more likely to spend additional time under review.BTo find reputable plumbing contractors government should study the field more thoroughly and set a standard to make sure that all the plumbers are licensed and to ensure safe op
12、eration of water heaters and boilers.CThe biases he found were not the kind easily attributable to underhanded bribery, lobbying, or even more subtle political pressures; rather, they are the result of trying to process a great deal of information quickly.Dj Mr. Kims hypothesis was that a firm with
13、a longer track record of contributing to drug development would have its NDAs approved faster than would a developer less well known to the FDA. The more patent citations a firm had, the greater its knowledge reputation.EThe most common side effects associated with the drug include headache and stom
14、achache. The medication should not be taken by people who are trying to restrict their sodium intake.FIt might then make sense that, as one would welcome a recommended plumber, regulators might be more willing to trust companies with stronger reputations.GThis suggests that established firms are not
15、 more likely to turn out innovative or especially useful drugs than their lesser-known peers.1 【R1 】2 【R2 】3 【R3 】4 【R4 】5 【R5 】5 In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 5, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There
16、 are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Forty years ago Walter Mischel, an American psychologist, conducted a famous experiment. He left a series of four-year-olds alone in a room with a candy on the table. He told them that they could eat the candy at once, or wait until he came back an
17、d get two candies. 【 R1】_.Nothing surprising there. The astonishing part was the way that the four-year-olds ability to postpone satisfaction was reflected over time in their lives. Those who waited longest scored higher in academic tests at school, were much less likely to drop out of university an
18、d earned substantially higher incomes than those who gobbled up the sweet straight away. Those who could not wait at all were far more likely, in later life, to have problems with drugs or alcohol.【R2 】_. This is not a question of iron will, but about developing habits and strategies that trigger he
19、lpful processes in the unconscious, rather than unproductive ones. What matters is to learn to perceive property, people or situations in ways that reduce the temptation to lie, to steal or behave in a self-destructive way.The authors aim is to show how recent research has illuminated the complex pr
20、ocesses of the brain. “We have inherited an obsolete, shallow model of human nature,“ he argues. 【R3】 _.The shaping of this delicate balance begins early in life: the children who were best at leaving their candy on the plate tended to come from stable, organised homes. Culture and the community in
21、which a child is raised help to build the way the conscious and unconscious intertwine. 【R4】_.What does all this mean for public policy? Mr. Brooks complains that policies too frequently rely on an overly simplistic, rationalist view of human nature. That may be true, but all too many foolish polici
22、es rely on the collective reluctance of the voters to leave candies uneaten on the table. More to the point, how can a country curb crime, create true equality and reduce the social and economic costs of bad decisions? 【R5】 _.So Mr. Brooks has done well to draw such vivid attention to the wide impli
23、cations of the accumulated research on the mind and the triggers of human behaviour. But more books remain to be written about the way societies should respond to what we now know.AStudy after study, many of them little known, show that people take decisions about their jobs, relationships, actions
24、and morals in ways that involve a complex interaction between the conscious and the unconscious mind. The most important decisions begin in the realm of the unconscious, although they are often influenced by the conscious.BThe result was that they, as we can predict, almost had no way to resist the
25、temptation and eat it immediately right after the researchers leaving.CEducation systems exist mainly to build the rational mind, and yet the decisions that are most important in making people happy are the ones in which reason plays little or no part: the development of friendships and the choice o
26、f a spouse. Public policy has largely ignored this.DIn his fascinating study of the unconscious mind and its impact on our lives, David Brooks uses this story to illustrate how the conscious mind learns to conquer the unconscious.ERecreations of the experiment on YouTube show what happens next. Some
27、 eat it immediately. Others try all kinds of strategies to leave the tempting treat alone.FThe author argues that much needs to be done by the government itself to improve policy design and empower all citizens to participate in the process. He identifies concrete strategies for policymakers to enha
28、nce the role of citizens without sacrificing program effectiveness.GMr. Brooks recounts a survey of diplomats who failed to pay parking fines in New York. By far the worst non-payers came from countries where corruption is common: Egypt, Pakistan, Nigeria and so on. By contrast, diplomats from Swede
29、n, Denmark, Japan, Israel, Norway and Canada had no unpaid fines at all. “Thousands of miles away from home,“ Mr. Brooks writes, “diplomats still carried their domestic cultural norms inside their heads. “6 【R1 】7 【R2 】8 【R3 】9 【R4 】10 【R5 】10 In the following article, some sentences have been remov
30、ed. For questions 1 5, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.As the slowing economy forces employers to put the brakes on new hiring, job seekers have seen their searches lengthen during the thir
31、d quarter of the year, according to the latest Job Market Index released outplacement consultancy Challenger, Gray human art is non-practical, its for aesthetic pleasure and its transmitted by learning rather than by genes. Lets examine these claims.BIn contrast, some species of birds inherit the ab
32、ility to produce the particular song of their species. Each of those birds would sing the right song even if it had never heard the tune. Its as if a French baby adopted by Japanese parents, flown in infancy to Tokyo and educated there, began to sing the French national song spontaneously.CFor examp
33、le, tools are used not only by humans but also by wild chimpanzees, which use sticks as eating tools and weapons. As for language, monkeys have a simple one, with separate warning sounds for “leopard“, “eagle“ and “snake“. These discoveries leave us with few absolute differences, other than art, bet
34、ween ourselves and animals.DOur biological history implies that our physical capacity for making art and anything else we consider uniquely human must be due to just a tiny fraction of our genes.EPerhaps we can now explain why art burst out spontaneously among only one species, even though other spe
35、cies may be capable of producing it. If the ancestors of wild chimps had more leisure time, chimps today would be painting. Indeed, some slightly modified chimpswe humansare.FThese paintings by our closest relatives, then, do start to blur some distinctions between human art and animal activities. L
36、ike human paintings, the ape paintings served no narrow practical functions; they were produced not for material regard but only for the painters satisfaction.GIn contrast, birdsong serves the obvious functions of defending a territory or pursuing a mate, and thereby transmitting genes. By this crit
37、erion human art does seem different.16 【R1 】17 【R2 】18 【R3 】19 【R4 】20 【R5 】考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 80 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 空格出现在第二段末。第一段举以实例：户主在选择水管工时看重他们的声誉。第二段先通过类比的方式指出，政府管理部
38、门也需要各种“水管工”，而且在选择“水管工”时要迅速果断(此处水管工是比喻的说法，喻指各行各业服务者)。随后为空格。空格下文(第三段)指出研究者 Kim 试图考查“(药品公司)声誉(reputation)”和“管理部门监管方式(regulatory treatment)”之间的关系。由此可见，空格部分应该承上启下，指出“管理部门的选择”与“公司声誉”之间的关系。F指出，就像户主会欢迎声誉好的水管工一样，管理者可能更信任声誉好的公司。该选项前半句呼应首段，后半句引出下文，实现了由“引子”到“主题”的过渡，且选项中的 reputation 和 regulator 在上下文中得到了复现，故选项确定。
39、B出现了reputable，plumbers 等词，有一定干扰性。但该选项主要论述的是政府如何找到可靠的水管承包商，而由空格下文容易推知，第二段的 plumbers 只是一种比喻的说法，并非指真正的“水管工”。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 卒格出现在第三段末。空格上文介绍了 Kim 的研究目的和数据来源，空格下文(第四段首句)指出这个假设(this hypothesis)被证明为真。浏览空格上文，并未发现有关“假设”的任何信息，由此可以推测，空格处一定介绍了 Kim 的研究假设。D 介绍的正是 Kim 的研究假设(MrKims hypothesis was that) ，
40、且假设的内容与空格下文完全吻合：声誉越好的公司，其新药获得批准的速度就越快。因此D 为正确选项。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 空格出现在第四段中间。空格上文指出“其他因素”也会影响管理局(对新药申请)的审批；空格下文则指出，公司的政治贡献对审批毫无影响。A列举了(for example)影响药物审批的两个因素：1新药是否针对疑难病症；2申请提交时是否恰逢召回事件。该选项是对上文“其他因素”的例证，符合空格处的语境要求，为正确选项。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 空格出现在第五段中间。该段首句指出 Kim 发现了药物审批过程中一个意外结果，并对这一结果进
41、行具体说明：管理部门会将新药或者疗效更显著的药品纳入优先审批等级，但公司的声誉与其获得优先审批地位没有显著关系。由此可知，声誉好的企业并不比名气小的企业创造出更多的新药或好药，G表达的正是这一观点，是对上文的恰当总结和推断。另外，该选项与下文“研究表明，高信誉公司更容易面临药品召回”形成递进关系。E出现了 side effect 和 drug 等词，有一定干扰，但该选项介绍的是具体某种药物的副作用和不适宜人群，而原文讲的是药物审批过程(drug-approval process)存在的问题，并非针对某种具体药物，因此明不符合语境要求。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 空格出现
42、在第六段中间。上文介绍了 Kim 从研究中得出的两点启示：一，新建生物科技公司可能希望和老企业合作，以使其产品能更快地走向市场；二，要对管理者持健康的怀疑态度。下文引用 Kim 原话指出，管理者确实在努力为公众服务，只是他们的努力不尽人意。C指出研究所发现的偏见并不能简单地归因于受贿等原因，而是他们试图快速处理大量信息的结果。(潜台词是：监管部门的不尽人意并非是其故意存有偏见，而是受大量需要快速处理的信息所迫)，该选项和后文一起解释了 Kim 为什么提出要对管理者持“健康、理性”的怀疑态度，为正确选项。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 E【试题解析】 本题空格出现在第一段末
43、。第一段主要介绍了一项实验，空格上文指出孩子们面临两种选择，他们可以立即吃掉糖果，或者等待实验者回来，这样他们将会得到两块糖。可以看出，这一部分只是对实验规则和实验方法的描述。空格下文即第二段首句指出，这一点都不奇怪。显然，这是作者针对实验结果的评论。空格处上下文的语意断层表明空格部分需要填入的内容应该是关于实验结果的描述。浏览各备选项，只有B 明两项交代了实验结果。B选项交代所有孩子都经不起诱惑而吃了糖果，E选项说一些孩子吃了糖果，而另一些孩子没有吃。继续阅读第二段内容，我们发现该段是对孩子们的两种不同行为进行比较。这就证明，并不是所有的孩子都吃了糖果，有一些孩子具有延迟满足感的能力。因此正
44、确选项是E。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 本题空格出现在第三段段首。上文第二段介绍了实验的后续发现：孩子们在实验中显示出的延迟满足感的能力被反映在他们日后的生活中。空格下文不再涉及实验内容，而是阐述理论：这不是意志坚定的问题，而是养成习惯以及形成策略，使之在潜意识中激发有益进程的问题。重要的是要学会减少诱惑。空格处的内容应实现从“实验”到“理论”的过渡。备选项中A和D 涉及理论，其他项予以排除：C和 F涉及政策， G涉及关于外交官的一项调查。D中 this story 正好回指上文叙述的实验及其发现，该选项中 the conscious 和 the unconscious
45、 与下文unconscious 词汇复现，因此D与上下文衔接紧密，为正确项。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 本题空格出现在第四段末。空格上文指出，作者旨在阐明脑部的复杂运行过程，并引用言论指出“我们继承了人性的一种古老的浅层模式”。空格下文第五段指出这种平衡能力的塑造从生命早期就已开始，人成长的环境帮助其建立意识与潜意识相互作用的方式。上下文内容比较抽象，不能马上理解。但是至少可判断，空格所在部分及上下文仍然在论述理论。A选项承接上文，具体说明“脑部的复杂运行过程”指“人类做出决定的过程”；并开启下文，“意识与潜意识相互作用”就是下文“这种平衡”具体所指，所以正确。【知识模
46、块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 本题空格出现在第五段末。第五段前两句指出：人早期的成长环境帮助其建立意识与潜意识相互作用的方式。空格下文进入另一话题，开始讨论有关公共政策的启示。因此空格内容可能与上文相关。G选项举例证明，某些国家的外交官即使远在千里之外，依然保持着他们本土的文化准则。这一实例恰好说明人类在决策过程中所运用的意识与潜意识的平衡能力成型于童年时期，并一直延续到后来的生活中。由此可见，G选项是对上文内容即段落主旨的例证。【知识模块】 阅读10 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 本题空格出现在第六段末。由空格上文可知，该段是通过前文有关意识和潜意识的论述而得出这对于公共政策的
47、启示，暴露了过去在制定公共政策方面存在的不合理性。CF选项都提到了公共政策 (public policy)。F表达的重点却是如何保障公民权利，提高公民在政策制定中的地位问题，显然不符合语境要求。C继续指出过去在制定公共政策方面存在的问题：忽略了“使人快乐的重要决策往往没有很多理性的参与”这一点。因此C选项正确。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读11 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 本题空格出现在第二段段首。文章第一段提出第三季度求职时间变长，并概括指出两个原因。空格处的下文列出数据说明过去四年中第三季度一直是求职时间最长的季节。由“语篇分析”可知，第二段是在分析“第三季度求职时间变长”这一现象
48、。各个选项中，提到 the thirdquarter、job search time 等关键词语的有B、 D两个选项。B项与空格后的内容重复，都足列举数据，根据数据说明观点这一逻辑推理，本段应该有观点性语句出现，B项不符，故排除。D项前半部分指出第三季度求职时间比 2007 年第四季度有所增长。第二句指出原因：求职时间的增长是季节性的(be seasonal in nature)。这与下句的衔接紧密：用过去四年中第三季度求职时间的数据来说明 the increase may be seasonal in nature。因此正确答案是D 项。【知识模块】 阅读12 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】
49、本题空格出现在第三段段首。第二段后半部分作者列举了一系列数据说明第三季度历来是求职艰难时期。根据“语篇分析”可知，空格处的内容涉及经济萧条这一内容。符合要求的有A、C 两个选项。空格处的上下文都是在分析第三季度求职时间长的原因，但A项提到传统观点认为经济低迷时期不是跳槽的好时机，内容没有涉及“找工作所需的时间”与上下文在内容上不一致，所以排除。C项中作者以 attributeto 将原因归于 struggling job market，与上下文在内容上相互衔接。struggling job market 与下文的 economic downturn 相呼应。因此正确答案是C 项。【知识模块】 阅读13 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 本题空格出现在第五段段末。文章第四至七段从求职者自身分析了求职时间延长这一现象。各选项中E、F 、G三个选项涉及该内容。第四段提出最大障碍在于求职
