1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 86 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 “Bah! Humbug“, was Scrooges opinion of charitable giving and even today some economists reckon charity goes against economic rationality. It is often all
2、eged that altruism is inconsistent with economic rationality, which assumes that people behave selfishly. Certainly, much economic analysis is concerned with how individuals behave, and homo economicus(economic man)is usually assumed to act in his or her self-interest.Some economic models assume tha
3、t self-interested individuals behave altruistically because they get some benefit, or utility, from doing so. For instance, it may make them feel better about themselves, or be a useful insurance policy against social unrest. Other economic models relax the traditional assumption of fully rational b
4、ehaviour by simply assuming that people sometimes behave altruistically, even if this may be against their self-interest. The Peace Corps is an example, for people often give up potentially lucrative starts to their careers or interrupt them to do good work overseas. People who work for the Peace Co
5、rps do so because they want to and to keep the Peace Corps dynamic with fresh ideas. Sociologists would argue that there is a natural inclination of human beings to engage themselves in helping others, as a natural instinct to preserve the species. Thus public duty is a survival act.The question the
6、n is raised regarding political participation, whether it can be classified as an act of economic rationality or of altruism. Public duty may not necessarily mean official duty, although it may include that constant and active practical participation in the details of politics without which, upon th
7、e part of the most intelligent citizens, the conduct of public affairs falls under the control of selfish and ignorant or crafty and venal men. Politics often requires service in committees, care and trouble and expense of many kinds, patient endurance of rebuffs, chagrins, ridicules, disappointment
8、s, and defeats. All these duties and services, when selfishly and meanly performed, stigmatize a man as a mere politician, but when performed with honesty and vigilance, they become gradual building blocks, stone by stone and layer by layer, of a nation of self-restrained liberty.1 In the first para
9、graph, the author discusses the economic treatment behind altruism in order to_.（A）treat it in a sociological perspective instead（B） demonstrate that the economic view of man is insufficient（C） argue that altruism is really a form of self-interest（D）introduce his argument that charity is part of hum
10、anity2 The third paragraph best supports the statement that Peace Corps employees_.（A）act in contradiction to traditional views of economic rationality（B） are hired for a limited term of employment to prevent self-interest from setting in（C） are people who have no desire for self-interest（D）sacrific
11、e their academic and work experience entirely just to join3 The author indicates in the text that public duty stresses_.（A）a necessary kind of craftiness to succeed（B） the recognition of an official duty of every citizen（C） a certain attention to details which may involve much sacrifice（D）a recognit
12、ion that you should gain nothing from it personally4 The phrase “relax the traditional assumption“(line 3-4, para. 2)probably means to_.（A）expand it to include more（B） replace it with another（C） change it somewhat（D）make it more accommodating5 The text is probably mainly intended to express the idea
13、 that_.（A）charity has never been under the control of selfish men（B） personal attention of officeholders insures a healthy society（C） altruism is rational and an integral part of a nation（D）public duty is synonymous with official duty5 Marijuana has been considered by some as a “gateway“ drug that c
14、an lure young experimenters toward addiction to stronger drugs. In a similar though less insidious fashion, often the initial contact children have with computers lure them into the world of computers. However, many preadolescents and adolescents do not enjoy their initial experiences with these pla
15、yful introductions to technology, and large numbers of those who are disenchanted are girls.Girls usually have the same access to computers as boys but researchers say, by the time they get to high school, they are victims of what the researchers call a major new gender gap in technology. Girls tend
16、 to be less comfortable than boys with the computer. They use it more for word processing rather than for problem solving, rather than to discover new ways in which to understand information. Researchers found that girls make up only a small percentage of students in computer science classes. Girls
17、consistently rate themselves significantly lower than boys in their ability and confidence in using computers and they use computers less often than boys outside the classroom.Socialization in American culture is rife with messages about the gender appropriateness of computers from the media, parent
18、s and schools. While there are no signs at the doors to computer labs that say, “No girls allowed,“ barriers do exist that discourage girls from participating fully in technological advancements of the late 20th century, and many of them are, unfortunately, self-imposed. Girls observe the associatio
19、n between males and computers and decide they dont belong. Computer labs themselves, with their stark walls isolating cubicles and distinct culture comprising its own vocabulary, humor and status system among members, can cause nonmembers of the culture to have negative initial encounters with compu
20、ters that result in computer avoidance. Especially during their teen years, when girls are defining themselves and their place in society, the risk of venturing onto such unfriendly turf can seem too great.6 Girls usually rate themselves_.（A）as being uncomfortable using computers（B） as comfortable u
21、sing computers（C） as being only good with understanding information（D）as not being good at word processing7 By the time students are in high school,_.（A）many girls use computers for problem solving rather than for pleasure（B） girls usually get lower results in computer courses（C） tend to use compute
22、rs more in the class than out of the class（D）many girls have lost interest in computers8 For girls computer labs seems to be_.（A）full of people who tell girls they dont belong（B） full of software that is only appealing to boys（C） places that teachers discourage girls to be（D）intimidating and associa
23、ted as male areas9 Though the problem is deep, the author thinks the gender gap needs to be closed because_.（A）it isnt fair that boys use the computers all the time（B） there isnt enough money for computers（C） the ability to use the computer is important in todays world（D）it may add to the already hi
24、gh gender discrimination in schools10 According to the text, which does the author believe is true?（A）If girls had an equal chance at playing games, they would like computers.（B） If the computer games were less violent, girls would like it better.（C） If the software content was changed, girls would
25、be more interested in computers.（D）If girls somehow identified themselves with computers they would use them more.10 As a bicycle commuter, club cyclist, and fan of lightweight electric vehicles, Im very interested in maintaining the legal right of drivers of slow vehicles to access every destinatio
26、n they choose. Historically, drivers of slower vehicles including bicycles, tractors, and horse-drawn carriages have been allowed to use virtually every roadway not posted with a minimum speed limit beyond the vehicles capabilities. With few exceptions, these minimum speed limits apply only to contr
27、olled-access freeways that do not provide exclusive access to destinations and are redundant to local roads accessible to slow vehicles. This status quo protects the travel rights of people without the use of highspeed vehicles.An increasing number of new suburban communities, especially in the Sunb
28、elt, feature highspeed(40-50 mph)arterial roads as the only useful through roads connecting increasingly segregated land uses such as residences, shopping, schools, and employment. At first, many states and cities tried to ban cyclists from these arterial roads, claiming them to be hazardous for the
29、m, but bicycling organizations successfully challenged these discriminatory laws by showing that these roads are essential for cyclists to use for basic transportation to everyday destinations, and that the accident data showed that the injury rate on arterials is not much higher than other roads.Bi
30、cycling organizations and supporters of the Amish, who travel by horse-drawn carriage, have waged a constant political battle in the courts and legislatures for most of a century to protect the right to travel on all streets to important destinations, regardless of the posted minimum speed limit. Bi
31、cyclists also worked hard to preserve the legal right to operate according to the same rules as drivers, instead of by pedestrian rules, because the rules for drivers were shown to be much safer and much more convenient for cyclists. Instead of banning bicycles, states and municipalities instead tur
32、ned their attention toward how to improve accommodation of cyclists. It looks like we may finally be winning the war to protect our constitutional travel rights.11 The author wants to maintain the status quo because_.（A）he believes slower vehicles do not need any more access（B） he agrees with minimu
33、m speed limits（C） he believes that minimum speed limits should be eradicated（D）he believes in the rights of slower vehicles12 According to the author,_.（A）cycling is less dangerous than driving a vehicle（B） the injury rate on arterials is not high（C） arterial roads are not much more hazardous than o
34、ther roads for cyclists（D）the accident rate for arterials is no higher than other roads13 It is inferred that cyclists may lose their rights to ride in many places unless_.（A）the rules are changed to allow cyclists more access（B） people, like the author, constantly fight to preserve the status quo（C
35、） people are educated as to the importance of slow moving vehicles like bicycles（D）cyclists are given the same rights as pedestrians14 According to the text,_.（A）bicycles should be treated as pedestrians（B） motorists have been taking the rights of cyclists in courts（C） it is safer if cyclists are ma
36、de to follow the rules of car drivers（D）municipalities must turn their attention to accommodating instead of banning bicyclists15 One reason why cyclists won their fight against cities who tried to ban them was_.（A）the court saw the benefits of bicycling for the environment and health（B） the court d
37、id not see the safety issue as important enough to ban bicycles（C） it was proven that bicycles are no more dangerous than cars（D）the safety concern claims were successfully challenged15 Dieting is often doomed to failure. The problem is, we dont follow the rules we learn. No carbs after 6pm? No prob
38、lemuntil were out for dinner, on our second glass of wine and reaching for the bread basket. Everyone has a flash point that makes it hard to say no, but ultimately, resisting temptation is the key to successful weight loss.Now research from leading psychologists has identified the parts of the brai
39、n involved in resisting temptation, and how we can use them to stop reaching for chocolate cake. Leading the charge is Professor Walter Mischel, the psychologist who, in the 1960s, developed the “marshmallow test“, which demonstrated that if children were able to delay gratification, they would be m
40、ore successful in later life. Mischels research has shown that to resist temptation, we have to shift activity away from the “hot“ parts of our brain to the “cool“ parts. The mind brain has two systems: one is cool, slow and deliberate, and allows for self-control, goal-setting and willpowerthe no s
41、ystem, if you like. The other is hot, emotional and instinctual, and present from birththe go system.So when you see a chocolate cake, the “hot“ part of your brain reacts to thoughts of the delicious taste, and the sugar rush that you have learnt a slice will give you. Instead of giving in, what you
42、 need to do is to activate the “cool“ part of your brain by thinking about your goals and practicing farsightedness. Imagine the sense of satisfaction youd get, from fitting into your favourite dress in a couple of weeks time, say, or from losing your unsightly tummy bulge before you go sunbathing t
43、his summer. Its a simple strategy, but experiments have shown it is highly effective.Perception is also important. Feasting your eyes on desirable food activates the hot system in the brain, which explains what we know instinctively: putting biscuits out of sight in a cupboard will mean you eat fewe
44、r of them. “The problem with diets is they are also full of pictures of delicious diet food, and all of this is just priming the hot system,“ Mischel says.Stress is another key issue. It has been shown to switch on the hot part of the brain and cause us to overeat. The first thing to do is to be awa
45、re of how stress changes your behavior. Then develop an action plan to deal with it. This might involve taking healthy snacks to work or finding ways to cope better with your time and emotions.Brain scans have also shown that memory plays a significant role in overeating. If you habitually eat choco
46、late, for instance, then every time you see it, you remember the high. So the research is clear: if you want to be slim, fit and healthy, its time to take control of your mind.16 It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that_.（A）its impossible for people to lose weight（B） one on a diet shouldnt drink win
47、e（C） one will surely lose weight by resisting temptation（D）eating late at night isnt helpful for dieting17 To resist temptation, one has to_.（A）go see one of the leading psychologists（B） know how the brain functions towards temptation（C） think with the no system rather than the go one（D）trust their
48、instinct and emotion18 The author writes Paragraph 3 in order to_.（A）prove the ineffectiveness of the theory of Walter Mischel（B） further demonstrate how the brain functions when facing temptation（C） state the importance for people to go on a diet（D）manifest the harm food like chocolate cakes will d
49、o to peoples health19 According to the passage, which of the following statements about “stress“ is most probably right?（A）Stress isnt a critical factor which affects the result of dieting.（B） To deal with stress, one has to know the changes of his/her behavior.（C） When facing stress, people tends to have no appetite.（D）One shouldnt eat anything at all during work when stressed.20 Which of the following is the best title of the text?（A）How to have a successful diet（B） How to
