1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 90 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 It is not surprising that a philosophy borrowed from business should see its principal focus within education as the furthering of the connection with bu
2、siness and industry. Moreover, when a philosophy is implemented at governmental level by people, it is not surprising that the majority who learnt their understanding of life within this environment should picture education as feeding this goal.In an age when the US is seen as being in desperate, al
3、most cut-throat competition with industrial neighbours, it becomes an article of faith that to maintain present standards of living, education must increasingly focus upon training the youth of the country to compete in such markets. This demand is, of course, nothing new. A number of factors come t
4、ogether to provide the motive force for making education the handmaiden of the job market. For those with economic blinkers, such concentration makes good sense, but for those who take a wider view of the purposes of education, this appears narrow and damaging, even, in the long term, to the economi
5、c good health of the country. It is possible to argue for the ultimate purposes of education from different standpoints.The one that appears to be the motive force in much educational decision-making at the present time values knowledge that is conducive to the furtherance of the national economic w
6、ell-being. It sees the child as a being to be trained to fit into this economic machine. Initiative and activity are encouraged only as far as these dovetail with ultimate occupational destinations. The teacher, therefore, is seen as a trainer, a constructor, a transmitter. However, there are many w
7、ho value knowledge which is perceived as part of that countrys cultural heritage while other child-centred advocates see the curriculum as based on each individual childs experiences and interests, each being active, involved, unique constructors of their own reality. Others see schools as being ess
8、entially concerned with pressing social issues which need to be resolved, and therefore the curriculum takes the form of being topic or problem-based.Such sketches do not begin to do justice to the complexity and richness of argument, which may be contained in differing educational ideologies. Howev
9、er, if they at the very least convey the profound conflicting views, these descriptions suggest that there is truth in each of them, but none must have the stage to itself.1 According to the text, it is not surprising that_.（A）business and education find so much in common（B） politicians expect educa
10、tion to be like business（C） the education world is managed by people from the business philosophy（D）those who come from the business world think education should serve industry needs2 The desire to make education subservient to the desire of industry is attractive because _.（A）the goals are easier t
11、o define and measure（B） some people take a wider view of education（C） economic competition is so intense these days（D）the youth are lacking the skills to compete in the modern economy3 Those who think education should serve the economy are of the opinion that_.（A）all subjects should have some relati
12、onship to economics（B） knowledge is to be perceived as preserving a nations cultural history（C） knowledge is to be transmitted（D）students must learn how to be businessmen4 The disagreement child-centred advocates have with the economic aim of education stems from their_.（A）training background（B） the
13、ir beliefs about children and how knowledge derives（C） distaste of the economic system（D）view of their role as a trainer not a transmitter of knowledge5 According to the author, the various conflicting views of education_.（A）add complexity and richness to the profession（B） demonstrate the fallacies
14、of the economic approach（C） prevent progression towards the economic aim（D）ensure that one particular philosophy is not overly dominant5 In the United States the science of climate change still remains a controversial issue. Part of the problem is that it is complex and hard to isolate its parts. We
15、 do know how vital it is to life. The atmosphere forms a gaseous, protective envelope around the earth, protecting it from the cold of space, from harmful ultraviolet light, and from all but the largest meteors. After traveling over 93 million miles, solar energy strikes the atmosphere and earths su
16、rface, warming the planet and creating what is known as the “biosphere“, which is the region of earth capable of sustaining life. Atmospheric circulation is one important reason that life on earth can exist at higher latitudes because equatorial heat is transported poleward, moderating the climate.T
17、he atmosphere is not just a protector but also a great transporter. The transport of water vapor in the atmosphere is an important mechanism by which heat energy is redistributed poleward. Heat energy absorbed at the equator is deposited at the poles and the temperature gradient between these region
18、s is reduced. The circulation of the atmosphere and the weather it generates is but one example of the many complex, interdependent events of nature. The web of life depends on the proper functioning of these natural mechanisms for its continued existence.Some argue that climate change is too compli
19、cated to be attributed only to human activity. For example, fossil studies of radiolaria, a group of one-celled animals characterized by silicon-containing shells, have given scientists a fairly accurate account of climatic conditions in the distant past. Geologists found these 450,000-year-old micr
20、oorganisms preserved in cores of sediment taken beneath the floor of the Indian Ocean. They provide a record of cycles of climatic changes, determined by the alternating layers of species of warm and cold-preferring radiolaria. We now have confirmation that changes in the earths orbital geometry cau
21、sed the ice ages.This does not let us off the hook because although we can hardly alter the basic forces at work that alter climate, even small contributions by humans can have dramatic effects. Given natures interconnectedness, it is possible that the most serious threats have yet to be recognized.
22、6 The first paragraph of the text deals mainly with the earth atmospheres_.（A）sheltering effect（B） reviving effect（C） invigorating effect（D）cleansing effect7 The best definition of “biosphere“ as it is used in the text is_.（A）the protective envelope formed by the atmosphere around the living earth（B
23、） that part of the earth and its atmosphere in which life can exist（C） the living things on earth whose existence is made possible by circulation of the atmosphere（D）the circulation of the atmospheres contribution to life on earth8 According to the text, fossil studies of radiolaria are possible bec
24、ause they_.（A）live in the depths of the ocean（B） are one-celled（C） have survived through the ages（D）have a shell surrounding the cell9 According to the text, the fundamental cause of the ice ages is_.（A）periodic changes in the earths orbit around the sun（B） fossil remains of one-celled animals（C） al
25、ternating cold and warm seasons（D）changes in distance of the earth from the sun10 The authors purpose in writing this text is to argue that_.（A）the circulation of atmosphere protects the biosphere and makes life on earth possible（B） if the protective atmosphere is too damaged by human activity, all
26、life will cease（C） life is the result of complex interdependent events of nature（D）despite the complexity and power of the atmosphere humans can affect it greatly10 The long, wet summer here in the northeastern US notwithstanding, theres a world shortage of pure, fresh water. As demand for water hit
27、s the limits of finite supply, potential conflicts are brewing between nations that share transboundary freshwater reserves.Many people ask why we cannot simply take it from the sea, using our sophisticated technology of desalinization, but a good water supply must be hygienically safe and pleasant
28、tasting, and water containing salt would corrode machinery used in manufacturing in addition to producing chemical impurities. Since more than 95% of our water sits in the salty seas, man is left to face the reality that most water on the surface of the earth is not available for us.One very feasibl
29、e way of sustaining our supply of freshwater is to protect the ecology of our mountains. Mountains and water go together, a fact to which Secretary General Kofi Annan has drawn attention more than once. From 30 to 60% of downstream fresh water in humid areas and up to 95% in arid and semi-arid envir
30、onments are supplied by mountains. Without interference nature has its own way of purifying watereven though chlorination and filtration are still necessary as a precaution. In a mountainous area, aeration, due to turbulent flow and waterfalls, causes an exchange of gases between the atmosphere and
31、the water. Agriculture, industry, hydroelectric generators and homes that need water to drink and for domestic use depend on these resources and, thus, we must protect mountainous areas as a means of survival.11 The author of this text states that_.（A）the problem of obtaining good drinking water has
32、 plagued man throughout time（B） palatability is synonymous with purity of water（C） most of the worlds water is unusable as a water supply（D）man no longer depends on desalinization for his water supply12 The author believes that industry avoids salty water because_.（A）water is needed for livestock（B）
33、 crops must be considered before man-made products（C） it is used in desalinization plants（D）it causes corrosion13 Streams would purify themselves if not for_.（A）human beings（B） nature（C） chlorination（D）mountains14 By saying that nature “has its own way of purifying water“(line 4-5, para. 3)the autho
34、r is referring to_.（A）aeration（B） filtration（C） chlorination（D）absorption15 The best title for this text is_.（A）The Water Problem: The Dangers Ahead（B） The Water Supply Problem: Our Options（C） The Mountains: Our Only Hope for Water（D）Water Conservation: The Challenges Ahead15 Conventional traffic en
35、gineering assumes that given no increase in vehicles, more roads mean less congestion. So when planners in Seoul tore down a six-lane highway a few years ago and replaced it with a five-mile-long park, many transportation professionals were surprised to learn that the citys traffic flow had actually
36、 improved, instead of worsening. It was like an inverse of Braesss paradox.Mathematician Dietrich Braess of Ruhr University Bochum in Germany states that in a network in which all the moving entities rationally seek the most efficient route, adding extra capacity can actually reduce the networks ove
37、rall efficiency. The Seoul project inverts this dynamic: closing a highwaythat is, reducing network capacityimproves the systems effectiveness.Although Braesss paradox was first identified in the 1960s and is rooted in 1920s economic theory, the concept never gained enough attention in the automobil
38、e-oriented U.S. But in the 21st century, economic and environmental problems are bringing new scrutiny to the idea that limiting spaces for cars may move more people more efficiently. A key to this counterintuitive approach to traffic design lies in manipulating the inherent self-interest of all dri
39、vers.A case in point is “The Price of Anarchy in Transportation Networks,“ published last September in Physical Review Letters by Michael Gastner, a computer scientist at the Santa Fe Institute, and his colleagues. Using hypothetical and real-world road networks, they explain that drivers seeking th
40、e shortest route to a given destination eventually reach what is known as the Nash equilibrium, in which no single driver can do any better by changing his or her strategy unilaterally. The problem is that the Nash equilibrium is less efficient than the equilibrium reached when drivers act unselfish
41、lythat is, when they coordinate their movements to benefit the entire group.The “price of anarchy“ is a measure of the inefficiency caused by selfish drivers. Analyzing a commute from Harvard Square to Boston Common, the researchers found that the price can be highselfish drivers typically waste 30
42、percent more time than they would under “socially optimal“ conditions.The solution hinges on Braesss paradox, Gastner says. “Selfish drivers can be led to a better solution if you remove some of the network links, in part because closing roads makes it more difficult for individual drivers to choose
43、 the best(and most selfish)route.“16 It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that_.（A）traditional traffic engineering believes more roads lead to less traffic jams（B） Seoul replaced a park with a highway to raise road capacity（C） all transportation experts felt surprised facing the case of Seoul（D）Seoul
44、s case is not exactly like the Braesss paradox17 Which of the following is true about the Braess paradox?（A）A mathematician of a university in Seoul came up with it.（B） People first identified it in the 1920s.（C） The Americans didnt pay much attention to it in the first place.（D）It claims that more
45、capacity brings about more efficiency.18 To make appropriate traffic networks, designers should take_into account.（A）economic effect（B） environmental protection（C） road capacity（D）drivers self-centeredness19 The underlined word in Paragraph 4 refers to_.（A）slowly（B） selfishly（C） assertively（D）mistak
46、enly20 By mentioning a commute in Paragraph 5, the author intends to_.（A）prove that selfish driving does cause low efficiency（B） suggest that congestion always take place in this route（C） advocate that Nash equilibrium is more efficient than others（D）state that the work of Michael Gastner is worth r
47、eading考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 90 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属事实细节题。本文开篇即指出：“借自商业的哲学视教育的首要宗旨为促进商业与工业之间的联系，这不足为怪。”D 是这句话的同义改写。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属逻辑关系题。第二段开头说：“在人们认为美国正在与工业邻国展开激烈的
48、、近乎残酷无情的竞争的时代，要维持目前的生活水准，教育必须日益关注培养国家的年轻人在这样的市场上进行竞争，这成为一种信条。”很明显本句的前后信息为因果关系。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属信息推断题。第三段介绍了认为教育应服务于经济的观点，该观点把教师视为传输人，即认为知识应传输。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属信息归纳题。第三段后半部分介绍了倡导以孩子为中心的观点，该观点认为“课程应以每个孩子的体验和兴趣为基础，每个孩子都是自己现实的、积极的、投入的、独一无二的建设者。”可见，这些人的观点源自于他们对孩子以及对知识来源的看法。【知识模块】 阅读5
49、【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属事实细节题。文章在结尾指出：“这些描述则表明每种思想都言之成理，但必定会莫衷一是。”【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 属主旨思想题，考查第一段的内容概括。第一段主要介绍大气层是地球的保护者。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属概念理解题。根据第一段，生物圈是指能够维持生命的地球区域。只有 B 项符合这个定义。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属信息推断题。第三段讲到，放射虫是有含硅外壳的单细胞动物，生活在 45 万年前。可以推断，如果没有外壳保护是不可能保存至今的，说明对放射虫可以进行化石研究是因为它们具有外壳。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 属事实细节题。第三段结尾指出：“地球轨道结构的变化导致了冰川期。”【知识模块】 阅读10 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属主旨思想题。本文的结论是：人类的些许作用会对气候变化产生重大影响。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读11 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属事实
