1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 91 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 All nations agree that cooperative efforts are needed to share in research to study and predict earthquakes. In July 1956 the first World Conference on E
2、arthquake Engineering was held in Tokyo. Although we are a long way from consensus on how far we should go in terms of addressing scientific questions with potential application to earthquake prediction, many point out that low-probability short-term forecasts, while not justifying mass evacuation o
3、f cities, may help maintain a state of preparedness beneficial in earthquake-prone areas.Time-dependent hazard maps already in use in California have led to significant practical benefits in terms of increased investment in aseismatic building construction. However, there is also a potential downsid
4、e to identifying some areas as being at high risk, in the sense that this may lead to unwarranted complacency in areas identified as being at low risk.We remain a long way from proving that any earthquake prediction scheme can succeed better than predictions based on the statistics of earthquakes, b
5、ut this debate has highlighted in the clearest terms possible that when scientists speak of “earthquake prediction“, they do not imply the type of accurate short-term prediction that might allow public evacuations before an individual event. Instead the predictions implied come under the general cat
6、egory of probabilistic forecasts for a population of earthquakes.At depths of several miles inside the earth, the weight of rocks causes great pressure which sometimes causes rocks to break and slip, forming faults(great cracks).When slippage occurs, shock waves are felt and can be detected with sei
7、smographs thousands of miles away, but it is important to note that in the end, it is the collapse of man-made structures that causes most of the death and damage. While we continue to explore the degree of predictability of earthquakes on rigorous observational, statistical and theoretical grounds,
8、 we should therefore not lose sight of the fact that the best way of preparing for the inevitable remains in the development of land use plans, and building and infrastructure design codes to mitigate their worst effects.1 Which of the following titles is most appropriate to the text?（A）The Failed S
9、earch for an Earthquake Prediction System（B） The Merits of Trying to Predict Earthquakes（C） The Debate over Earthquake Prediction Systems（D）The Drawbacks of Earthquake Prediction Systems2 The word “unwarranted“(line 3, para. 2)most probably means “_“.（A）undeserved（B） unnecessary（C） extreme（D）unfair3
10、 The most frequent cause of major earthquakes is_.（A）faulting（B） folding（C） landslides（D）tidal waves4 The seismograph is most useful in_.（A）controlling faults（B） pinpointing the location of shock waves（C） preventing destruction（D）warning of forthcoming earth tremors5 Much of the damage in past earth
11、quakes could have been prevented by_.（A）more frequent use of seismographs（B） better construction of buildings（C） quicker methods of evacuation（D）international cooperation5 Wealthier university presses could afford to diversify more effectively, and supply a variety of books rather than a glut of tho
12、se that just make money. The business of university publishing had entered into dangerous arithmetic. Production grew almost four times faster than the market. The total output of all university presses was 31 million books. After deducting the 5 million books bought by libraries, each and every one
13、 of the million faculty members in academe in the U.S. would need to buy 26 university-press books a year to reach market equilibrium.There remains today a stubborn, widespread fantasy that libraries will buy enough copies of a book to pay for the cost of producing it. True, once upon a time, a univ
14、ersity press could expect to sell about 1,500 copies of a typical monograph, with 800 to 1,000 of those sales to academic libraries. But by 1990, the number for library sales had dropped to 500 or 600. Currently, it is common to hear 200, and not unusual to hear still lower numbers.How did universit
15、y presses move so far into the trade marketplace, ever further than their universities? Library budgets shifted dramatically toward science and technology journals and large expensive databases, so they had less and less money for books. As one market diminished, another had to be found. University
16、administrators came to assume that a university press could pay for books that lose money by publishing books that make money. Academic authors made marketing a more important reason for choosing a press than refereeing, editing, or proofreading.The situation is sad and needs to be addressed in a he
17、althy academic debate about the ethics of commercial publishing.6 When the author says university publishing has entered into dangerous arithmetic(lines 2-3, para. 1)he means_.（A）publishers are losing money（B） publishers have underestimated their problems（C） publishing is not reflecting market deman
18、d（D）publishing is overproducing due to bad estimates of sales7 By saying university presses have moved “so far into the trade marketplace“(line 1, para. 3)the author means to make what point?（A）University presses are now selling in private outlets rather than the library.（B） University presses are u
19、sing profit criteria in their decisions.（C） University presses are now making profits even though they are not supposed to.（D）University presses are neglecting their civic and public duty.8 One of the reasons that university presses over-published was_.（A）that they want to compensate money that some
20、 books lose（B） that they didnt estimate their market correctly（C） that the libraries refused to buy them so they were stuck with too many（D）that they felt obligated to service the academic community9 The choice that academic authors make for a publisher often depends on_.（A）quality of publishing（B）
21、proofreading and editing（C） influential donors（D）skill in promoting and selling10 What is the message that the author wants us to get from the text?（A）Academic publishing should not be so money-oriented.（B） University presses must more realistically publish according to its market.（C） Publishers nee
22、d more support from the government to avoid becoming too commercial.（D）University presses must publish based on the public interest.10 A new neuroimaging study provides strong evidence that unusual shyness in children may result from higher activity in the amygdala, a brain structure involved in vig
23、ilance and fear. Using magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)to examine adults who had been unusually shy in childhood, researchers showed pictures of unfamiliar faces, and those who were once shy displayed much higher activity in the amygdala than people who had been unusually outgoing as children.It has
24、long been hypothesized that extreme shyness, which emerges in infancy and often persists into adulthood, must have some distinctive signature in the developing brain. However, this idea has not been tested directly because it is difficult to conduct brain imaging experiments with very young children
25、. So Carl Schwartz did the next best thingthey studied 20-year-olds who were known to have been shy or outgoing as children. Schwartz says the studys design has in fact allowed him to support “an even more wild hypothesis“ that the brain differences underlying shyness in infancy can be seen with MRI
26、 two decades later.Some infants boldly approach new people, objects or situations, while others are timid when faced with anything unfamiliar. Children who are timid are said by psychologists to have “inhibited“ temperaments and they are more prone to anxiety disorders; some even develop generalized
27、 social phobia, in which social encounters are so terrifying that they are avoided altogether. But Schwartz points out that only two of the nine subjects in the study who had been inhibited as children developed social phobia. He cautions that temperaments, in themselves, are not pathologies but bas
28、ic “flavors“ of human beings.11 The neuroimaging studies show that shyness is_.（A）a kind of disability due to differences on the brain（B） something that only emerges in a child in infancy（C） something that stays with the person for all his or her life（D）not a learned behaviourit is innate12 Accordin
29、g to the text, the experience of shyness can be measured_.（A）by brain imaging experiments with young children（B） by measuring the size of the amygdala（C） by the degree of social phobia an individual has（D）by using an MRI machine with adults13 The reason why the studys design allowed “an even more wi
30、ld hypothesis“ was that_.（A）the part of the brain had never been studied before（B） it entailed using a machine to look at a certain area of the brain（C） it meant adding the notion that infant shyness could be measured in adults（D）it added the possibility that shyness was related to social phobia14 T
31、he text tells us that the reason inhibited temperaments cannot be so easily connected to social phobia is_.（A）there is weak evidence linking the two（B） there are many uninhibited temperaments that do not develop social phobia（C） the reactions in the brain are substantially different（D）temperaments a
32、re part of human diversity, not abnormalities15 It can be concluded from the text that_.（A）the phenomenon of shyness is incurable（B） the shyness is not something a child can easily control（C） the shyness is a brain defect that may require outside help（D）the shyness is a normal part of all children t
33、o some extent or another15 Whats the best way to make sure a kid eats an apple? Ask him if he wants one. Its really that simple, according to a recent Yale University study in which cafeteria workers asked students if they wanted fruit with their meal, and raised consumption of the good stuff from 4
34、0 to 70 percent. Want her to eat her vegetables, too? Rename them. When a Cornell researcher told kindergartners they were eating “X-ray vision carrots“ rather than plain old vegetables, the kids ate 50 percent more.Despite years of junk-food bans and stringent nutrition standards in the nations sch
35、ool cafeterias, childhood obesity hasnt dropped. Now researchers are testing simpler strategies designed to “nudge“ students toward healthier decisions. Lisa Mancino of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which oversees school-meal programs, calls the new approach “stealth health“, getting kids to e
36、at healthy without even realizing it. As it turns out, the problem may not be the presence of junk food after all; its that the good food just isnt appealing enough.Stealth health is an application of behavioral economics, an academic field that studies the role of environmental factors in decision
37、making. “The general principle is finding changes that push people in the right direction without limiting their choices,“ says David Just, a behavioral economist at Cornell University. In the cafeteria, that means using environmental cues to make the most nutritious decision the most desirable one.
38、 The school lunch provides lots of opportunities for increasing the appeal of healthy foods; verbal encouragement while ordering(asking the fruit question), descriptive labels(“rich vegetable medley soup“ sounds a lot better than “vegetable soup“)and improved access(a cafeteria, for example, where t
39、he “grab and go“ section is the healthiest)can all help sway a students decision. Even the method of payment matters. One recent study found that students who pay for a meal with cash make significantly healthier decisions than those who use a prepaid card. David Just thinks such changes, which help
40、 kids make healthy decisions even when unhealthy options are available, better prepare students for the real world than flat-out bans on junk food.Not all nutrition experts are thrilled with Justs suggestion that schools back off on bans and bring back cookies. “We dont expose kids to cigarettes in
41、schools, we dont teach them comic books in English class, so why would we provide unhealthy options in the cafeteria?“ says Tracy Fox, vice president of the Society for Nutrition Education. She likes the idea of cafeteria workers suggesting fruit, but is skeptical that kids, if given the choice, wou
42、ld pick bananas over brownies.16 By writing Paragraph 1, the author intends to_.（A）prove the accuracy of Yales study（B） introduce the theory mentioned below（C） demonstrate the importance of eating fruits（D）claim children are fascinated about X-ray17 Junk-food are forbidden in schools cafeteria proba
43、bly because_.（A）adolescence obesity is a serious nationwide problem（B） U.S. government wants to oversee the school-meal programs（C） good food doesnt have enough attraction to students（D）stealth health turns out a not-so-good approach18 Which of the following is NOT true about behavioral economics?（A
44、）People coming up with Stealth Health apply this subject.（B） It focuses on the way people make their decisions.（C） It mainly pays attention to how environment affects peoples decision.（D）It advocates leading people to make right decisions while giving enough options.19 Which is the authors attitude
45、towards Stealth Health?（A）Thrilled.（B） Skeptical.（C） Objective.（D）Supportive.20 Which of the following is the best title for the text?（A）David Just and his new theory（B） Stealth health, a new way for eating healthily（C） How stealth health can be used in practice（D）Stealth health raises skepticism考研英
46、语（阅读）模拟试卷 91 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属主旨思想题。本文探讨地震的预防，C 项切合文章主题。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 属词义推断题。根据承前提示，虽然被确定为低危区，但在地震这件严肃的事情上产生沾沾自喜的情绪，是莫名其妙、毫无来由的，可断定 A 最为贴近该词的含义，理解为“不应
47、有的”。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 属事实细节题。文中只提到产生断层会导致地震。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属事实细节题。第四段直接提到：“用地震仪在几千米外就能感知和探测到冲击波”。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属信息推断题。第四段指出：“最终导致大部分死亡和破坏的是人工结构的崩塌。”可见，如果建筑结构改善，地震的大部分损坏本来可以得到避免。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属信息归纳题。从第一段的数字列举可以看出，书籍的产量供过于求，出版并没有反映市场需求。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确
48、答案】 A【试题解析】 属词义推断题。第三段谈到，由于图书馆购书款项减少，一处市场缩小，必须发现另一处，大学出版社可以通过出版赚钱图书来弥补赔钱图书。根据后续提示，可判断 A 项为恰当的解释。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属信息推断题。第二段开头指出：“现在广泛存在着一种固执的幻想，认为图书馆购买的图书数量足以支付其生产成本。”可见，这是对市场的错误评估，导致大学出版社出版过量。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属事实细节题。第三段结尾指出：“学术著作的作者们选择出版社更看重销售而不是审阅、编辑和校对。”【知识模块】 阅读10 【正确答案】 B【试题解析
49、】 属主旨思想题。文章分析美国大学出版社的学术著作供过于求，表明大学出版社必须按照市场需求的实际情况出版书籍。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读11 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属信息推断题。文章开头指出：“一项新的神经成像研究提供了有力证据，证明孩子过于害羞可能是由于扁桃核，即与警觉和恐惧有关的大脑结构较为活跃所致。”这说明害羞是天生的。【知识模块】 阅读12 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属事实信息题。第二段末尾表明，害羞的经历可以通过用磁共振成像研究成人得到测定。【知识模块】 阅读13 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属逻辑关系题。第二段的最后一句其前后部分可以看成前果后因，即这个假定之所以怪异是因为它认为“造成婴儿害羞的大脑差异可以在二十年后借助磁共振成像看到。”【知识模块】 阅读14 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属逻辑关系题。本文的最后两句应为前果后因：在童年受到抑制不一定患上社会恐惧症，这是因为性格本身是人类的基本特点，而不是病征。【知识模块】 阅读15 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属信息推断题。既然文章认为害羞是先天的，所以它不是孩子可以轻易控制的。【知识模块】 阅读【
