1、英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 4 及答案与解析一、翻译1 Coincidentally, the triple principles of translation put forward by Yan Fu in China are very similar to the three principles of translation proposed by_in the west.（A）John Dryden（B） Alexander Tytler（C） Gideon Toury（D）George Steiner2 Some well-known translators or t
2、ranslation theorists in China have put forward different criteria to evaluate the quality of a translation. Among them, “ Resemblance in spirit“ is advocated by_.（A）Qian Zhongshu（B） Fu Lei（C） Lu Xun（D）Lin Yutang3 Chinese translations which have been conveniently simplified and made easy are like win
3、e diluted with water. “This famous remark about the quality of a translation is made by_.（A）Zhi Qian(支谦)（B） Dao An(道安)（C） Xuan Zang(玄奘)（D）Hui Yuan(慧远)4 Which of the following translation methods is the closest to the target language readers?（A）word-for-word translation（B） semantic translation（C） fai
4、thful translation（D）communicative translation5 The principle of “functionality plus loyalty“ is put forward by_.（A）Katharina Reiss（B） Hans Vermeer（C） Christiane Nord（D）Eugene Nida6 Who is the representative figure of the Manipulation School in translation studies?（A）Peter Newmark（B） Lawrence Venuti（
5、C） Andre Lefevere（D）Ernst-August Gutt7 The three types of translation, namely metaphrase, paraphrase and imitation, are proposed by_.（A）Roman Jakobson（B） Martin Luther（C） John Dryden（D）Alexander Pope8 Paraphrase and Comment. In this part there are two passages about translation theories. Read the pa
6、ssages carefully.paraphrase the underlined parts and make some comments upon each passage in English on your ANSWER SHEET according to your own understanding. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of
7、 meaning and secondly in terms of style.9 A translator with his eye on his readership is likely to under-translate, to use more general words in the interests of clarity, simplicity and sometimes brevity, which makes him omit to translate words altogether.10 Discuss the cohesive devices used to orga
8、nize a text and relate them to English / Chinese translation.(with your own examples if possible)(天津师范大学 2006 研，考试科目：英美文化文学与英汉互译)11 Define in your own words the term equivalence as it is used in translation studies, and then discuss the concept by referring to what Susan Bassnett has to say in her T
9、ranslation Studies.(天津师范大学 2006 研，考试科目：英美文化文学与英汉互译 )12 Distinguish between the following “faux amis“ and “amis fideles“ by rendering them into Chinese.(浙江大学 2007 研，考试科目：翻译与写作)They suggest tabling the question in Parliament.13 The committee couldnt reach agreement and decided to table the bill.14 Bas
10、e your renderings on the semantic translation and communicative translation proposed by Peter Ne-wmark and tell them apart with your illustrations.(浙江大学 2007研，考试科目：翻译与写作)(1)Semantic translation(针对 native speakers of English):(2)Communicative translation(针对 Chinese learners of English):15 Identify th
11、e most explicit translation method adopted in the following translations and explain how it is used(武汉大学 2013 研，考试科目：英语综合)1The oil of the world will have been used up，and man will be using the more convenient power obtained from the splitting of the atom译文：全世界的石油将会用尽，人们将使用从原子分裂获得的这种更为方便的动力。2The pres
12、ident said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered snch a widespread defeat，which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House译文：在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发表了讲话。他说他不
13、能够解释为什么共和党遭到了如此大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。16 Compare and analyze the following ST and TT and evaluate the TT in about 100 words(武汉大学 2013 研，考试科目：英语综合)ST：人们可沿岩壁凿出的石径走过峡谷，也可从某处乘橡皮舟划过水潭。满山巨石怪崖，更有深潭碧水，悬崖上多处瀑布骤然跌落，直下峭壁。当地人讲，这里夏季凉爽宜人，冬季温暖如春，生活在此，如居天上人间。TT:People can pass through the gorge by walking al
14、ong the stone path cut from the rock walls, or in some places can row across the pools in rubber boats. Everywhere you can see huge rocks and grotesque cliffs, clean water in deep pools, and from precipices waterfalls abruptly fall down. The local people say, it s cool and nice here in summer and as
15、 warm as spring in winter. Living here is as if living in a fairyland.17 Give your comments on the following statement with your understanding in about 200 words(武汉大学 2013 研，考试科目：英语综合)One difficulty in translation lies in matching concepts. Some concepts are culture-specific and others culture-gener
16、al. It is impossible to translate perfectly culture-specific concepts.18 Explain the following terms in English(武汉大学 2012 研，考试科目：综合英语)Communicative Translation19 Domesticating method20 Dynamic Translation英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 4 答案与解析一、翻译1 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 Tytler 提出：首先，翻译应完整复写出原文的思想；其次，写作风格应与原作相同；第三，翻译应
17、当像原文一样流畅。2 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 “神似”的翻译标准是由傅雷提出的。关于翻译标准，钱钟书提出的是“化境”论，鲁迅主张的是“宁信勿顺”，林语堂的翻译理念则是“忠实、通顺、美”。3 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 道安认为，对原文的过分简化犹如“加水稀释后的葡萄酒”。4 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 D 项“交际翻译”是以交际为目的，侧重译文的可读性。 A 项“字对字翻译”是罔顾语言差异逐字照搬原文；B 项“语义翻译”视原文为经典，力图再现原文信息；C 项“忠实翻译”亦为重源语翻译。5 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 “功能加忠实”的观点是德国翻译家 Christiane Nord
18、总结了功能派成果后提出的。6 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 英国翻译理论家 Peter Newmark 是科学派代表人物；美国著名翻译家和翻译理论家 Lawrence Venuti 是解构派的；德国翻译家 Ernst-August Gutt 是功能派的；只有美国翻译家 Andre Lefevere 是操纵派的。7 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 John Dryden 把翻译分为逐词、释译和拟译。8 【正确答案】 The text is the definition proposed by Eugene Nida. By“the closest natural equivalent“ is me
19、ant the target text should make sure the translated version preserves the original information as well as conforms to the TL rules. It is the correspondence which resembles the original, yet it is not identical.This definition contains at least four levels of information:first, it is the message tha
20、t we reproduce:second, the message should be reproduced in a way that not only the information is kept, but also the effect should be similar:third, meaning is usually the first concern:fourth, style is also important and deserves special attention. Enlightened by this definition, on the basis of th
21、e close reproduction of the semantic meaning, translator is to produce as nearly possible the same effect on his readers as was produced on the readers of the original.9 【正确答案】 If the loss of meaning in translation entails an increase in generalization, it is termed under-translation.When the origin
22、al lacks a counterpart in the TL, or it is too abstruse to explain, the translator sometimes chooses to use the hypernym for the sake of the naturalness of the TT. This strategy has its own pros and cons. It certainly enhances the readership and removes the barrier to understanding. Yet on the other
23、 hand, the generalization will definitely lead to the loss of information, and worse still, it deprives the readers of their right to appreciate the authentic and exotic meaning of the original.10 【正确答案】 Cohesive devices are typically words or phrases that basically make the text hang together. Cohe
24、sive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Reference includes pronouns , demonstratives, the article, and items like that. Substitution refers to the process or result of replacing one word by another at a particular position in a structure. Ellipsis is
25、 to leave out a word or phrase of a sentence for reasons of economy, emphasis or style, and the omitted parts can only be recovered by the reader from the previous discourse. Conjunction refers to an item or a process whose primary function is to connect words or other structures. Lexical devices re
26、fer to the use of synonym or related words. Cohesive devices of English are different from that of Chinese. So in the process of translation, this issue should be taken into account from the perspective of inter cultural communication. The cohesive devices of source language should be reproduced to
27、the maximum.For example:I(A)(E)was standing in the(A)sun on the(A)hot steal desk(E)of a fishing ship(E)(C)capableof processing a fifty-ton catch(E)on a good day(E).我(A)(E)头顶烈日，站在一艘渔船(E)滚烫(E) 的钢甲板(E) 上。如果(D)在丰收的季节(E) ，这(A) 艘渔船(E)一天所处理加工的鱼(E) 可达 50 吨。(Reference: A: Substitution: B: Ellipsis: C: Conjun
28、ction: D: Lexical cohesion: E)11 【正确答案】 Equivalence refers to the extent of the relationships that exist between the source text and the target text or smaller linguistic units. For many years, it has been one of the most controversial issues in the field of translation. As a famous translation theo
29、rist and translation practitioner, Susan Bassnett argues that“ equivalence in translation, then, should not be approached as a search for sameness“. For her part, translation does not mean sameness, namely, the target language text is the same as the source language text. She thinks so just because
30、translation is not purely the activity of language. It is with great concern about culture, for translation is also an inter cultural communication. It is impossible that one culture is in common with another. Great differences exist between the source culture and the target culture. Equivalence sho
31、uld be dynamic and multilevel.12 【正确答案】 他们建议把该问题提交给议会讨论。13 【正确答案】 委员会各成员未能达成统一意见，因此决定先行搁置该议案。14 【正确答案】 Semantic translation and communicative translation are two approaches of translation proposed by Peter Newmark. Semantic translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the orig
32、inal text with the syntactic and semantic constraints of the target language, while communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. For example:巧媳妇做不出没米的粥来。(红楼梦第二十四回)Even the cleverest housewife cant cook a
33、meal without rice.(Yang Xianyi)Even the cleverest housewife cant make bread without flour.(David Hawkes)The first one is semantic translation whereas the second is communicative translation. Geographical difference results in the difference of diet habit between Chinese and British people. The stapl
34、e food eaten by British people is milk and bread while the Chinese people mainly eat rice. For Yang Xianyis part, “没米的粥“should be translated into“ a meal without rice“. Here semantic translation is used. This approach makes native speakers of English know something about Chinese diet culture. David
35、Hawkes transferred“没米的粥 “ into“ bread without flour“ in accordance with the diet habit of the British people. Here communicative translation is employed. For Chinese learners of English, this translation can help them understand the British diet culture.15 【正确答案】 1. Passive voice is prevalent in Eng
36、lish in that it gives an impression of objectiveness through avoiding mentioning the doer. Yet in languages like Chinese and Japanese, passive voice is used far less frequently: moreover, it usually expresses negative meanings, so it is called “the inflective voice“. Thus E-C translation usually inv
37、olves changing the syntactic passive into the notional passive. In other words, in Chinese we use active voice to express passive meanings in order to avoid awkwardness or unnecessary negative sense.2. English is a hypotactic language, while Chinese is a paratactic one. By hypotaxis is meant that th
38、e language has strict grammatical rules as well as various syntactic devices and function words to make the text an organic and logical whole. The relation between the segments is very close. In contrast, Chinese is not bestowed with a rigid grammatical system, and the relation between constituents
39、is loose. So Chinese defies very long sentences , and a Chinese text is related through the underlying notional relationship rather than syntactic ones. It in turn determines that Chinese prefers to observe the principle of temporal sequence, namely, to narrate things according to the sequence that
40、actually happened. Enlightened by the discussion above, the translated version rightly rearranged the sequence of the original, clipped the sentences, and omitted most function words, especially relative pronouns and adverbs.16 【正确答案】 The original is a tourism text, thus according to Peter Newmark,
41、it mainly performs the vocative function, which is to enable the readers to know as the author wants them to. In other words, translator should pay more attention to the response of the readers of the TT rather than 100% equivalence to the ST. Unlike Chinese, tourism text in English values the recor
42、d of facts without too much words of rhetorical. In this sense, although the TT faithfully preserves all the merits of vivid description, it may sound lengthy and suspicious to the target readers and spoil the overall effect. Actually, to reproduce the same effect, many rhetorical devices in the ori
43、ginal can be omitted, and a simple state of fact may prove more acceptable to target readers.17 【正确答案】 Language is the carrier, container, and instrument of culture. Needless to say, all languages are able to express any meaning if need arises. Yet it is not likely that they express them with the sa
44、me ease, and in the same mode due to the cultural differences. Culture is a complex whole which includes history, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a member of society. Thus the cultural elements peculiar to one language mean a collection
45、 of differences in the shared knowledge, the historical awareness, different modes of thinking, etc. The general elements between cultures make it possible to communicate with one another, yet the specific points make the translation pose seemingly insurmountable barriers to sufficient transmission.
46、 When cultural factors are involved in translation, translators are usually faced with a dilemma of whether to preserve the flavor of the SL or to conform to the rules of the TL. On the one hand, if for-eignization is adopted, the original image is preserved, yet it is also faced with the jeopardy o
47、f making no sense at all in the TL. On the other hand, if domestication is adopted, the exotic flavor is totally lost. In some extreme cases, translator can do nothing but resort to explanation, which, in a narrow sense, is not translation. In this sense, when cultural specific factors are involved,
48、 it is almost impossible to perfectly translate the original. However, enlightened by Eugene Nida, translation is to produce the similar effect on the target readers. Thus some remedy can be made to compensate this pitiful situation. For example, “Even Homer sometimes nods“ is a perfect cultural-spe
49、cific idiom with the image “ Homer“ alien to Chinese readers. Yet through translating it into “智者千虑，必有一失“ , the original meaning is rendered to some extent. In a word, translatability is a matter of degree.18 【正确答案】 In communicative translation, the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language(TL for short)readers as is produced by the original on the source language readers. This means that the emphasis should be on conveying the message of the original in a form which conforms to the linguistic, cultural and pragmatic conve
