1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 11 及答案与解析一、简答题1 The following four sentences present four different usages of the word 不过. Please discuss the distinctions and connections among the four usages, illustrating your points with your own examples where necessary.1)不过二年，君必无患。2)他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。3)这是个乖巧不过的孩子。4)我也没有长策
2、，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。2 Comment on the following observation in about 150 words.(武汉大学 2010 研)“The meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. “3 When a teacher says “its so hot in here“ during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation.(
3、人大 2002 研)4 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austins Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory.(北航 2008 研)Customer; Waiter! Theres a fly in my soup. Waiter; Dont worry, theres no extra charge.5 Explain speech
4、act theory and list the different kinds of speech acts with examples for each.(浙江大学 2004 研)6 Discuss the following sentences in terms of violation of maxims in the cooperative principle.(浙江大学 2007 研)a. I think he was married and had a lioness at home.b. A: What do you intend to do? B: I have a terri
5、ble headache.c. A: Whereve you been? B: Out.7 Discuss the following advertisement extensively: “你不理财，财不理你“.(浙江大学2007 研)8 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said哎，几点了? and the second said不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?What assumptions would you make if you
6、were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them?(北外 2007 研)9 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analyse and explain the phenomenon.(北外 2010 研)甲：上车请买票。乙：三张天安门。甲：您拿好。10 What is meant by the term “cohesion“ in the study of texts? What is
7、“cohesion“ is different from the term “coherence“ ?（上海交大 2007 研；浙江大学 2005 研)11 In interpreting utterances such as(1)and(2), the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sent
8、ences. That is, the hearer tends to think that Helen fell on the ground because of Toms pushing and that the vase broke because it was dropped. Explain why.(1)Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground.(2)Peter dropped the vase. It broke.（北外 2005 研)12 In a coherent piece of writing, words and clause
9、s are tied together in some ways. Use the following text to discuss what are some of the ways of tying together words and clauses to make a coherent piece of writing.With the careful dress of a bank manager and a fiat, classless accent, John Major is impossible to pigeonhole on either right or left
10、of the Conservative Party. He has made remarkably few enemies in his rapid rise, although his easygoing charm reputedly conceals “a bit of a temper“ , and he can be caustic. Nevertheless, he numbers Labour MPs among his long-standing friends. 13 What kind of implicative do the following exchanges of
11、 conversation possibly make? A; The skirt she is wearing is beautiful, isnt it? B: Oh, the pattern is nice.(The conversation is made when Speaker B knows for sure the obvious beauty of the skirt.)(南开大学 2010 研)14 Why do you think that, all other things being equal, women use more standard variants of
12、 stable sociolinguistic variables than men?（北外 2006 研)15 How do you understand the role of linguistic research in social and economic development?（南开大学 2004 研)16 What are sociolinguistics of society and sociolinguistics of language?（武汉大学2007 研)17 How much does our language influence the way we think
13、? How deeply do language and culture interpenetrate and influence one another? These questions about language have fascinated thinkers throughout the ages. For example, Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm yon Humboldt in the German Romantic tradition regarded language as a prisma or grid spread over
14、 things in the world so that each language reflects a different worldview. Write a short essay to explain your position on this view.（北外 2004 研)18 What is linguistic relativity and why is it so important in linguistic studies?（中山大学 2006 研)19 Eskimos have many different words for different types of s
15、now, Aborigines for different types of sand, and in Arabic one must choose from a whole range of words which are subsumed under the Western category CAMEL. Can you explain these phenomena with your linguistic knowledge?（北航 2008 研)20 Research has found that two-year-old English children produce negat
16、ive sentences such as a)to d), but not e):a)He doesnt like cabbage.b)Doesnt like cabbage.c)Him no like cabbage.d)No like cabbage.e)* Him doesnt like cabbage.How can you account for this?（北外 2006 研)21 In informal speech, people often omit sentence subjects because they are commonly understood. What a
17、re the omitted subjects in the following two sentences? Why do people know that these are the correct subjects?（南京大学 2008 研)a. Hope you like everything here.b. Just imagine what has just happened here.22 Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS:(四川大学2010 研)Anthropological ling
18、uists E. Sapir and B. Whorf claim that the language a people use shapes their perspective of perception, which in turn shapes their thought. The key notions of their famous “Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis“ include “language determinism“ and “language relativity“. Do you know anything about the notions of th
19、eirs? If you do, what is your opinion on it? Please briefly express your ideas in a passage.23 Comment on the following statement based on your own experience.Knowing words is the key, to understanding and being understood. The bulk of learning a new language consists of learning new words. Grammati
20、cal knowledge does not make for great proficiency in a language.（Vermeerl992)(武汉大学 2005 研)24 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first and a second language?（北外 2003 研)25 Analyze the following speech errors, by commenting on how they might have arisen;a. He
21、rode his bike to school tomorrow.(yesterday)b. gone mild.(wild/mad)c. He misfumbled the ball.(mishandled/fumbled)d. Thats torrible.(terrible/horrible)( 北外 2006 研)英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 11 答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确答案】 In any language there are words which have the same linguistic form but are different in meanings.
22、 These words are called homonyms. There are also lots of homonyms in Chinese, for instance, the Chinese word “不过“ embodies different meanings in actual usage. Take the examples provided above for example.In(1), the word “不过“ expresses the meaning of “no more than“. Hence, this sentence can be rewrit
23、ten as “you will have nothing to be worried about after no more than two years. “In(2), the meaning is a little bit different and it means “only, just“. The example can be interpreted as “one year later he became a father who was only 18 years old. “In(3), it has used another meaning of this word, n
24、amely “very, extremely“. Therefore, this sentence can be interpreted like this; this is a very cute kid.However, the most commonly-used meaning of “不过“ can be identified in the last example(4). In Chinese, more often than not, we use this word to indicate the change or transition of meaning. It has
25、the same meaning with the English conjunctions “however“ , “but“ , “nevertheless“ , etc. Therefore, the sentence in the example can be paraphrased as “I have no good suggestions, either. However, this is very urgent; there is no way that we can make sure it is perfect“. Through these four examples w
26、e can observe that the meaning of the specific words is context-dependent. The meanings may vary due to the change of the context. “不过“ in most cases is used as an adverb, indicating the degree, such as the example(1)(3). It is used as a conjunction in(4)indicating transition or change of ideas.【试题解
27、析】 （本题考查汉语中一词多义的现象，通过分析例句指出同一词语不同意义之间的联系与区别，具有较强的灵活性。)2 【正确答案】 (1)On the analogy of distinctive features in phonology, some linguists suggest that there are semantic features or semantic components. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This
28、is based on the belief that there are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word, that is to say the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or properties. The analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features, and it is these featur
29、es that distinguish word meaning. Since it is economical, componential analysis gives a better account for sense relations and those between sentences.(2)Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symb
30、ols are written in capitalized letters. For example, the meaning of the word boy can may be analyzed into + HUAMN, -ADULT, +MALE.3 【正确答案】 This utterance would be semantically ambiguous if it was seen isolatedly without any context of situation. Its interpretation has to rely on the context in which
31、it was uttered.There could be generally two types of situation in which this utterance could happen. One may be that it is summer; the teacher just came into the class and was sweating heavily. The other may be that in class the students are quite active towards the questions or problems the teacher
32、 has posed, for example, discussing in group, or debating in a large scale.According to the cooperative principle, in our conversation, in order to be cooperative, that is, to make his intentions to be known by the hearer, the speaker will try to make his conversational contribution such as is requi
33、re, at the stage at which it occurs.Therefore, according to the third maxim of cooperative principle, RELATION, which says “be relevant“ , the utterance could be interpreted differently as follows:In the first situation, when the students hear the teacher saying “its so hot in here“ , they would pro
34、bably assume that the teacher is obeying the cooperative principle, and what he says is relevant to the context, which is that the teacher is sweating, and maybe accompanied by fanning herself with his hand. Therefore, what the teacher means is probably that the temperature is high. Whats more, if t
35、he windows in the classroom are closed, this utterance will go further to be an implication of an request for opening the windows.In the second situation, the students would assume that the teacher should have observed the maxim of relation, since it is under normal circumstances. Given the context
36、in which the students are discussing or debating about certain questions furiously, the hearer would tend to interpret the teachers utterance as; “you are discussing(or debating)so actively“ , which implies a praise for the active participation of the students in class activity.4 【正确答案】 A speech act
37、 consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austins Speech Act theory, namely, locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. The locutionary act is the ordinary act we perform when we speak. It is the act of saying. The illocutionary act is the act performed in the performing of
38、a locutionary act, that may said to be the extra meaning of the utterance; while perlocutionary act concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer, depending on specific circumstances. Austin suggests that the three kinds of acts are performed simultaneously when a speaker saying s
39、omething.In this conversation, by saying “ Waiter! Theres a fly in my soup“ , the locutionary act of this utterance is that the customer produces a number of sounds with it literal meaning that there is a fly in his/her soup. The illocutionary act is that the customer intends not to just review the
40、information to the waiter, but might express his feelings and expect the waiter to do something. It might be a complaint, a warn, a criticism, or a threaten, but whatever it might be, it is no doubt a force, making the waiter to change soup or give some compensation. The perlocutionary act of the ut
41、terance here is the waiters doing nothing but giving a strange respond.As to the waiters responding, by saying that he not only produces a number of sounds to state that there is no extra charge, but also shows his possible misinterpretation or his sense of humor or his indirect refusal.5 【正确答案】 The
42、 speech act theory was proposed by John Austin. According to this theory, we are performing various kinds of acts when we are speaking. Actions performed through utterances are generally called speech acts. An utterance can perform different speech acts depending on the context and that one speech a
43、ct can be performed by more than one utterances.According to Searle, speech acts all into five general categories. Specific acts that fall into each type share the same illocutionary point, but differ in their strength.(1)Representatives: acts of saying what the speaker believes to be true; they inc
44、lude stating, describing, asserting, and so on; such as “Its raining“ , “They won the game“.(2)Directives: acts of trying to get the hearer to do something. Commands, orders, requests, warnings, suggestions, and on so are of this type, as illustrated in “ Be quiet!“ , “ Dont touch that!“(3)Commissiv
45、es; acts of committing the speaker himself to some future course of action. They include promising, vowing, offering, threatening, and so on. Examples are “Ill take her to the vet. “ and “We wont do that. “(4)Expressives; acts of expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state. They can be
46、 statements of pleasure, pain, likes, sorrow, and so on. For example, “Im sorry to hear that“.(5)Declarations: acts of bringing about immediate changes by saying something. They include resigning, dismissing, naming, appointing, and so on. For example, the priest may say in a wedding “I now pronounc
47、e you husband and wife“.6 【正确答案】 In sentence a, the speaker has violated the first Quality maxim, which says “do not say what you believe to be false“. In the literal sense, no human being would marry a lioness, and therefore at this level, it is a false statement. However, the deliberate violation
48、of the maxim will lead us to interpret it as a metaphor, meaning that his wife had a bad temper.In sequence b, B has flouted the maxim of Relation, since he did not answer As question directly. However, assuming that B was co-operative, A was likely to derive the implicature that since B had a terri
49、ble headache, he would probably just lie in bed and do nothing.In exchange c, a violation of the first Quantity maxim was recognized, which says “ make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange“. B was supposed to provide the specific information of the place he had been to; however, he didnt. By such a violation, B probably implied that “I do not want to tell you where I have been“.7 【正确答案】 This advertisement is an interesting one, for its witty use of pun words. There are two places of punning. First, “理财“ could be
