1、英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 25 及答案与解析一、填空题1 There has been a maxim in_which claims that “You are what you say“. (中山大学 2008 研)2 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by_. (中山大学 2008 研)3 _were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.4 In making conversati
2、on, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the_principle proposed by J. Grice.5 In Austins How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performatives and_, later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish _,_and perlocutionary act.二、单项选择题6 The speech act
3、 theory was developed by_. (对外经贸 2006 研)（A）John Searle（B） John Austin（C） Levinson（D）G. Leech7 _is using a sentence to perform a function. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）Perlocutionary act（B） An illocutionary act（C） A locutionary act（D）Speech act8 By saying “You have left the door wide open“, a speaker might be
4、performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary_. (西安交通大学 2008 研)（A）at the same time（B） one after another（C） two first and then the other（D）one first and then the other two9 The Illocutionary Act was developed by_. (西安交通大学 2008 研)（A）John Austin（B） Levinson（C） John Lyons（D）Jo
5、hn Searle10 According to the conversation maxim of_suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. (西安外国语学院 2006 研)（A）quantity（B） quality（C） relevance（D）manner11 Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? (对外经济贸易大学 2006 研)（A）the maxim of quantity（B） the maxim
6、 of quality（C） the maxim of manner（D）the maxim of strength12 Four categories of Maxims in Grices Cooperative Principle include all the following except_.(大连外国语学院 2008 研)（A）Manner（B） Relation（C） Qualification三、简答题13 What are the major concerns of pragmatics? (人大 2006 研)14 How would you describe this
7、short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers? Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system.Mechanic: Ill be busy with this other car all day. (浙江大学 2005 研)15 What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about; “
8、Well, to be quite honest, I dont think she is ill today.“ (北二外 2010 研；上海交大 2006 研)16 Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 Chinese. (中山大学 2005 研)17 Decide which maxim of the co
9、operative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn. (厦门大学 2006 研)(1) A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2) A: Lets go to the movies. B: Ill bring the Kleenex.(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes?B: I wouldnt drive ANY expensive car.18 Wh
10、ats conversational implicature? (西安交大 2008 研)19 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grices Cooperative Principle: (北二外 2007 研)A: Where is X?B: Hes gone to the market. He said so where he left.20 In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations? (人大 2006 研)21 What is your understa
11、nding of Relevance Theory? (南开大学 2009 研)22 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. (南开大学 2004 研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.四、名词解释23 Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary
12、 Act(北航 2010 研；北交大2005 研)24 Performatives(中山大学 2008 研)25 Conversational implicature (川大 2010 研；武汉大学 2004 研；北京交通大学2007 研)26 Cooperative principle (北二外 2010 研；北京师范大学 2003 研)27 Violation of maxims (北交大 2006 研)28 Applied linguistics(中山大学 201 1 年研)五、举例说明题29 When a teacher says “Its so hot in here.“ durin
13、g a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation. (人大 2002 研)30 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austins Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory. (北航 2
14、008 研) Customer: Waiter! Theres a fly in my soup.Waiter: Don t worry, theres no extra charge.31 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said:“哎，几点了 ?”and the second said:“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in t
15、hese two ways and why would you make them? (北外 2007 研)32 Discuss the following advertisement extensively: “你不理财，财不理你”. (浙江大学 2007 研)33 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analize and explain the phenomenon. (北外 2010 研)甲：上车请买票。乙：三张天安门。甲：您拿好。34 What i
16、s the relationship between speech event and speech act? (Explain with an example). (南开大学 2005 研)35 What are the characteristics of Grices “conversational implicature“? (中山大学 2011年研)36 What is communicative competence?英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 25 答案与解析一、填空题1 【正确答案】 quantity【试题解析】 格莱斯的数量准则指 1使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要
17、求的那样信息充分；2不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。即说你该说的。2 【正确答案】 Grice【试题解析】 格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。3 【正确答案】 Performatives【试题解析】 施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。4 【正确答案】 Cooperative【试题解析】 通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。5 【正确答案】 constatives，locutionary act，ill
18、ocutionary act【试题解析】 约翰奥斯丁在他如何以言行事一文中，首先区分了施为句和叙事句，之后他又建立了另一种模式来解释如何通过语言实施行为。根据这种新的模式，说话人说话时可以完成三种行为：发话行为，行事行为和取效行为。二、单项选择题6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 言语行为理论是哲学家约翰奥斯丁在他如何以言行事一文中提出的。它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答“用语言干什么”这个问题。7 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 约翰奥斯丁在他如何以言行事一文中提出言语行为理论，此理论对语言交际的本质进行解释，即指出言语行为是指用一句话来发挥作用去完成某些事情。8 【正确答
19、案】 D【试题解析】 言语行为理论中的发话行为先发生，然后行事行为和取效行为才发生。行事行为和取效行为属于话后行为。9 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 美国的哲学语言学家约翰舍尔对言语行为理论的发展做出了巨大的贡献，尤其是他对行事行为的分类。10 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 格莱斯的合作原则有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。其中质量准则指设法使你的话语真实。1不要讲明知是虚假的话；2不要说没证据的话。11 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 格莱斯的合作原则有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。12 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 格莱斯的合作原则有四条准则，它们分别为数量
20、、质量、关系和方式准则。三、简答题13 【正确答案】 Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (
21、or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.14 【正确答案】 In the motorists utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed, name
22、ly representative and directive, and as to the latter one, it is recognized as an indirect speech act, which is performed through the performance of the former one. Thus, by stating that his car needs new exhaust system, the motorist has in fact asked the mechanic to equip a new exhaust system for h
23、im. Similarly, in the mechanics utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed; one is representative, the other commissive. The commissive speech act in fact is an indirect one since it is recognized through the performance of representative action. That is to say, by stating that he will
24、be busy with another car all day, the mechanic has in fact told the motorist that he could not repair his car right away.15 【正确答案】 The four maxims of the co-operative principle are as follows:Quantity. (1) Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange
25、). (2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true. (1) Do not say what you believe to be false. (2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Relation. Be relevant.Manner. Be perspicuous. (1) Avoid obscurity of e
26、xpression. (2) Avoid ambiguity. (3) Be brief. (4) Be orderly.In the utterance given, it is probable that the speaker is particularly careful about the maxim of Quality, which rules that do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.16 【正确答案】 We may summarize conversational implicature as a ty
27、pe of implied meaning. It could be inferred only by the dependence on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and listener. Illocutionary force, on the other hand, refers to speakers meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning, that is, the meaning the speaker wants t
28、o convey in a specific context. By an illocutionary force, we can say “What does he mean by saying that?“ In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 in Chinese.17 【正确答案】 In the exch
29、anges, the maxim of relation has been flouted. As to instance (1), A will assume that if B is cooperative his reply must be relevant in a different sense: I will not talk about my secret now because I do not want to let John know. In (2), the answer of B seems irrelevant to As utterance. By doing so
30、, A will likely derive the implicature that B has accepted his suggestion, and is going to get prepared. In (3), by violating the maxim of relation, B intends to implicate that Mercedes is an expensive car and he would not drive a Mercedes.18 【正确答案】 The conversational implicature is a message that i
31、s not found in the plain sense of the sentence. The speaker implies it. The hearer is able to infer (work out, read between the lines) this message in the utterance, by appealing to the rules governing successful conversational interaction. Grice proposed that implicatures like the second sentence c
32、an be calculated from the first, by understanding three things: 1) the usual linguistic meaning of what is said; 2) contextual information (shared or general knowledge) ; 3) the assumption that the speaker is obeying what Grice calls the cooperative principle.19 【正确答案】 In this dialogue, the second m
33、axim of Quantity is violated, which requires ones utterance not to be over informative. The first part of Bs answer is enough for As question, but by adding the second part, the speaker may implicate that he is not sure whether X has really gone to the library.20 【正确答案】 In daily conversations people
34、 do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called “ Cooperative Principle“: “ Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted
35、 purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged“. Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.21 【正确答案】 Relevance theory is a proposal (by Dan Sperber and Deidre Wilson) that seeks to explain the second method of communication: imp
36、licit inference. It argues that the human mind will instinctively react to an encoded message by considering information that it conceives to be relevant to the message. By “relevance“ it is meant whatever allows the most new information to be transmitted in that context on the basis of the least am
37、ount of effort required to convey it.Relevance Theorys central insights are formalized in the following two-part principle, the Presumption of Optimal Relevance:The ostensive stimulus is relevant enough for it to be worth the addressees effort to process it. The ostensive stimulus is the most releva
38、nt one compatible with the communicators abilities and preferences.22 【正确答案】 On the face of it, B violated the maxim of relation since he did not provide a direct answer to As question. But A would assume that B is cooperative in the conversation, and would try to explore the link between the seemin
39、gly irrelevant response to something relevant. Thus, A would interpret Bs utterance in such a way that because there had been as accident further up the road, it was quite possible that the road was blocked; in a consequence, the bus would not be able to come.四、名词解释23 【正确答案】 According to Austin, a s
40、peaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking.A locutionary act is the uttering of words, phrases, and clauses, which conveys meaning by giving out meaningful sounds. Therefore, when somebody says “Morning“, we can ask a question like “What did he do?“ , and the answer could be
41、“He offered a greeting.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Therefore, for the same example, we can say “He meant it as a greeting“.A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance. Thus, by saying “Morning!“ the speake
42、r has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer.24 【正确答案】 Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is part of, the doing an action. The judges imprisonment se
43、ntence, the presidents war or independence declaration, etc., are performatives.25 【正确答案】 Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For exa
44、mple, the implicature of “He is a tiger“ could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger.26 【正确答案】 Cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by Grice. It expresses that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be p
45、ossible for them to carry on the talk. It goes like this; “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged“. This principle can be further specified as the four following ma
46、xims: Quantity, Quality, Relation; Manner.27 【正确答案】 There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like “No comment“ in response to a question. Although i
47、t is typically not “as informative as is required“ in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicating more than is said (i. e. the speaker knows the answer).This typical reaction to any apparent violation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature. When w
48、e violate any of these maxims, our language becomes indirect. In this way, we can convey more than is literally said. For example, there is violation of the first maxim of Quantity, and sometimes the first Quantity maxim can be in conflict with the Quality maxim.28 【正确答案】 Applied linguistics: It is
49、a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.五、举例说明题29 【正确答案】 This utterance would be semantically ambiguous if it was seen isolated without any context of situation. Its interpretation has to rely on the context in which it was uttered.There could be generally two types of situation in which this utterance could happen. One may be
