1、英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 90 及答案与解析英译汉1 Global financial stability has improved over the past six months, bolstered by better macroeco-nomic performance and continued accommodative macroeconomic policies, but fragilities remain. The two-speed recoverymodest in advanced economies and robust in emerging market e
2、conomieshas posed different policy challenges for countries. In advanced economies hit hardest by the crisis, governments and households remain heavily indebted, to varying degrees, and the health of financial institutions has not recovered in tandem with the overall economy. Emerging market economi
3、es are facing new challenges associated with strong domestic demand, rapid credit growth, relatively accommodative macroeconomic policies, and large capital inflows. Geopolitical risks could also threaten the economic and financial outlook, with oil prices increasing sharply amid fears of supply dis
4、ruptions in the Middle East and North Africa.The main task facing policymakers in advanced economies is to shift the balance of policies a-way from reliance on macroeconomic and liquidity support to more structural policiesless “leaning“ and more “cleaning“ of the financial system. This will entail
5、reducing leverage and restoring market discipline, while avoiding financial or economic disruption during the transition. Thus, ongoing policy efforts to withdraw (implicit) public guarantees and ensure bondholder liability for future losses must build on more rapid progress toward stronger bank bal
6、ance sheets, ensuring medium-term fiscal sustainability and addressing excessive debt burdens in the private sector.For policymakers in emerging market economies, the task is to limit overheating and a buildup of vulnerabilitiesto avoid “cleaning“ later. Emerging market economies have continued to b
7、enefit from strong growth relative to that in advanced economies, accompanied by increasing portfolio capital inflows. This is putting pressure on some financial markets, contributing to higher leverage, potential asset price bubbles, and inflationary pressures. Policymakers will have to pay increas
8、ing attention to containing the buildup of macro-financial risks to avoid future problems that could inhibit their growth and damage financial stability. In a number of cases, this will entail a tighter macroeconomic policy stance, and, when needed, the use of macro-prudential tools to ensure financ
9、ial stability. Increasing the financial sectors capacity to absorb higher flows through efforts to broaden and deepen local capital markets will also help.2 The concept captured the Zeitgeist of the personal computer revolution. Many young people, especially those in the counterculture, had viewed c
10、omputers as instruments that could be used by Or-wellian governments and giant corporations to sap individuality. But by the end of the 1970s, they were also being seen as potential tools for personal empowerment. The ad cast Macintosh as a warrior for the latter causea cool, rebellious and heroic c
11、ompany that was the only thing standing in the way of the big evil corporation s plan for world domination and total mind control.Once again Jobs would end up suffering bad publicity without making a penny. Apple s stock price kept dropping, and by March 2003 even the new options were so low that Jo
12、bs traded in all of them for an outright grant of $ 75 million worth of shares, which amounted to about $ 8. 3 million for each year he had worked since coming back in 1997 through the end of the vesting in 2006.None of this would have mattered much if the Wall Street Journal had not run a powerful
13、series in 2006 about backdated stock options. Apple wasn t mentioned, but its board appointed a committee of three membersAl Gore, Eric Schmidt of Google, and Jerry York, formerly of IBM and Chryslerto investigate its own practices. “ We decided at the outset that if Steve was at fault we would let
14、the chips fall where they may,“ Gore recalled. The committee uncovered some irregularities with Jobs s grants and those of other top officers, and it immediately turned the findings over to the SEC. Jobs was aware of the backdating, the report said, but he ended up not benefiting financially. ( A bo
15、ard committee at Disney also found that similar backdating had occurred at Pixar when Jobs was in charge. )The laws governing such backdating practices were murky, especially since no one at Apple ended up benefiting from the dubiously dated grants. The SEC took eight months to do its own investigat
16、ion , and in April 2007 it announced that it would not bring action against Apple “ based in part on its swift, extensive, and extraordinary cooperation in the Commission s investigation and its prompt self-reporting. “ Although the SEC found that Jobs had been aware of the backdating, it cleared hi
17、m of any misconduct because he “was unaware of the accounting implications. “The SEC did file complaints against Apple s former Chief financial officer Fred Anderson, who was on the board, and general counsel Nancy Heinen. Anderson, a retired Air Force captain with a square jaw and deep integrity, h
18、ad been a wise and calming influence at Apple, where he was known for his ability to control Jobs s tantrums. He was cited by the SEC only for “negligence“ regarding the paperwork for one set of the grants (not the ones that went to Jobs) , and the SEC allowed him to continue to serve on corporate b
19、oards. Nevertheless he ended up resigning from the Apple board.3 Is the world headed for a food crisis? India, Mexico and Yemen have seen food riots this year. What s the cause for these shortages and price hikes? Expensive oil, for the most part. The U-nited Nations food and Agriculture Organizatio
20、n(FAO)reported that, at nearly $ 100 a barrel, the price of oil has sent the cost of food imports skyrocketing this year. Add in escalating crop prices, the FAO warned, and a direct consequence could soon be an increase in global hungerand, as a consequence, increased social unrest. What s more, wor
21、ldwide food reserves are at their lowest in 35 years, so prices are likely to stay high for the foreseeable future.On the demand side, one of the key issues is biofuels. Biofuels, made from food crops such as corn, sugar cane, and palm oil, are seen as easing the world s dependence on gasoline or di
22、esel. But when crude oil is expensive, as it is now, these alternative energy sources can also be sold at market-competitive prices, rising steeply in relation to petroleum. With one-quarter of the US corn harvest in 2010 diverted towards biofuel production, the attendant rose in cereal prices has a
23、lready had an impact on the cost and availability of food, Critics worry that the gold rush toward biofuels is taking away food from the hungry Leaders in the biofuel industry respond that energy COSTS are more to blame for high food prices than biofuels “ Energy is the Mood of the world, so if oil
24、goes up then other commodities follow,“ Claus Sauter, CEO of German bioenergy firms Verbio said. Others argue that cleaner-burning biofuels could help stem the effects of climate change, an other factor identified by the FAO as causing food shortages. Analysts note that scientists believe climate ch
25、ange could be behind recent extreme weather patterns, including catastrophic floods, heat waves and drought. All can diminish food harvests and stockpiles. But so can market forces.4 Globalization is under strain as never before. Everywhere its stresses rumble. Most of sub-Saharan Africa, South Amer
26、ica, the Middle East, and Central Asia are mired in stagnation or economic decline. North America, Western Europe, and Japan are bogged down in slow growth and risk renewed recession. War now beckons in Iraq.For advocates of open markets and free trade this experience poses major challenges. Why is
27、globalization so at risk? Why are its benefits seemingly concentrated in a few locations? Can a more balanced globalization be achieved?No easy answers to these questions exist. Open markets are necessary for economic growth, but they are hardly sufficient. Some regions of the world have done extrem
28、ely well from globalization notably East Asia and China in recent years. Yet some regions have done miserably, especially sub-Saharan Africa.The truth is that economic performance is determined not only by governance standards, but by geopolitics, geography, and economic structure. Countries with la
29、rge populations, and hence large internal markets, tend to grow more rapidly than countries with small populations.Coastal countries tend to outperform landlocked countries. Countries with high levels of malaria tend to endure slower growth than countries with lower levels of malaria. Developing cou
30、ntries that neighbor rich markets, such as Mexico, tend to outperform countries far away from major markets. These differences matter. If rich countries don t pay heed to such structural issues, we will find that the gaps between the world s winners and losers will continue to widen. If rich countri
31、es blame unlucky countriesclaiming that they are somehow culturally or politically unfit to benefit from globalizationwe will create not only deeper pockets of poverty but also deepening unrest. This, in turn, will result in increasing levels of violence, backlash, and yes, terrorism.5 Ive never bee
32、n more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a s
33、upernova. Evas wedding album holds only a faint glimmer of the wedding itself. All that pictures or words can do is gesture beyond themselves toward the fleeting glory that stirs our hearts. So I keep gesturing.“ All nature is meant to make us think of paradise,“ Thomas Merton observed. Because the
34、Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds. Even 15 billion years or so after the Big Bang, echoes of that event still linger in the form of background radiation, only a few degrees above absolute zero
35、. Just so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe. To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments; to measure beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses.(Note：supernova 超新星；the Big Bang 宇宙大爆炸； background radiatio
36、n 背景辐射)(Excerpt from“Beauty”by Scott Russell Sanders)英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 90 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 六个月来，在宏观经济业绩改善和宏观经济政策持续宽松的支持下，全球金融稳定形势有所好转，但脆弱性仍然存在。“双速” 复苏(先进经济体较慢，新兴市场经济体强劲)给各国带来了不同的政策挑战。在受危机影响最严重的先进经济体，政府和家庭不同程度地面临债务过高的问题，金融机构未能随总体经济的复苏而恢复健康。新兴市场经济体正面临各种新挑战，这些挑战与国内需求强劲、信贷增长迅速、宏观经济政策相对宽松以及大量资本流人等因素有关。鉴于人们担
37、心中东和北非的石油供应减少，油价日渐攀升，因此地缘政治风险也可能威胁到经济和金融前景。先进经济体决策者面临的主要任务是将政策重心从依赖宏观经济和流动性支持转向更多地依赖结构性政策，即减少“依赖” 和增加对金融体系的 “清理”。这要求降低杠杆率和恢复市场纪律，同时避免在过渡期间发生金融和经济混乱。因此，为促进当前旨在撤消政府(隐性) 担保、确保债券持有人对未来损失承担责任的政策努力，首先必须迅速恢复银行资产负债表的健康，保障中期财政的可持续性，并解决私人部门债务负担过重的问题。对新兴市场经济体决策者而言，任务是限制经济过热和脆弱性积累，以避免以后的“清理”。新兴市场经济体的增长继续强于先进经济体
38、，证券资本流入量增加。这种状况给一些金融市场带来压力，使杠杆率升高，形成潜在的资产价格泡沫，并导致通货膨胀压力增大。决策者还须集中更多注意力来控制宏观金融风险的积累，以避免未来发生可能阻碍增长和破坏金融稳定的问题。为此，一些新兴市场国家需要收紧宏观经济政策，并视需要采用宏观审慎工具以确保金融稳定。努力拓宽和深化本国资本市场，以此提高金融部门吸收更多资本流入的能力，也会有所助益。2 【正确答案】 这个广告概念抓住了个人电脑革命的时代精神。许多年轻人，特别是反主流文化的嬉皮士，都将电脑视为集权政府和企业巨头用来消除个性的手段。但是到 20 世纪 70 年代末，电脑也被视为个人获取权利的潜在工具。这
39、个广告则抓住了年轻人的后一种心态，把麦金塔电脑塑造成一名英勇的战士。这样一家冷酷、反叛和英雄主义的苹果公司，是唯一能阻止邪恶企业势力统治世界和精神控制前进的工具。这次还是一样，乔布斯又一次被大众指责，而且没能赚到一分钱。苹果的股份不断下跌，到 2003 年三月，即使是新的期权也已经不值什么钱了，乔布斯索性全部行权，赚了 7500 万美元。算来从 1997 年他回到苹果至 2006 年期权结束，他平均每年收入 830 万美元。如果不是华尔街日报在 2006 对于股票期权倒签做了一个强有力的系列报道，也许就不会发生任何事情了。报道中虽然没有提到苹果公司，但是其董事会还是任命了一个三人工作组进行自查
40、。这三个人分别是艾尔?戈尔(Al Gore)，谷歌的埃里克?施密特(Eric Schmidt)，IBM 和 Chrysler 的前董事杰瑞?约克(Jerry York)。“ 我们一开始就决定如果乔布斯有错，绝对不会包庇。”戈尔回忆说。工作组发现了乔布斯和其他一些高管的违规行为，立即汇报给了证券管理委员会。报告说，乔布斯是清楚倒签事件的，但是他最终没有获益(迪斯尼的一位董事发现，乔布斯在皮克斯(Pixar)公司任职时也曾发生过类似的倒签行为 )。法律针对这样的倒签行为没有明确的规定，特别是苹果没有一个人因此而获益。证券管理委员会调查了八个月，最终决定不追究苹果，这很大程度上是“因为苹果迅速、广泛
41、、非常配合工作组的调查和及时的自我检举”。尽管证券管理委员会发现乔布斯事先清楚倒签行为，但由于他“不懂会计影响” ，很明显这只是个无心之过。证券管理委员会对苹果前首席财务官，也是董事会成员的弗雷德?安德森(Fred Anderson)还有常务法律顾问南希 ?海涅(Nancy Heinen)提起了诉讼。安德森是一位退休的美国空军上尉。他有着方形的下巴和一身正气，在苹果有精明、冷静的影响力，大家都知道他擅于化解乔布斯的怒火。证券管理委员会对他的行为仅界定为“疏忽”，理由是抓到了一些期权文件 (并非给乔布斯的那些)中的问题，而且还允许他继续担任董事。不过最终他还是辞去了苹果董事的职务。3 【正确答案
42、】 世界是否要步入一个粮食危机?印度、墨西哥和也门今年已出现了因食物引起的暴乱。造成食物短缺和价格飞涨的原因是什么?主要归咎于昂贵的油价。据联合国粮食和农业组织(FAO)的报道，每桶接近 100 美元的油价使今年的食品进口成本激增。除了逐步上升的粮食价格，联合国粮食和农业组织还警告说，它导致的另一个直接后果是全球饥荒的增加，这也是社会动乱的重要根源，更糟的是，全球的粮食储备正处于 35 年以来的最低点，因此，在可以预见的未来，物价很可能保持现有的高水平。从需求的角度来说，另一个关键性的问题是生物燃料。生物燃料以粮食作物如玉米、甘蔗和棕榈油等为原料，被视为缓解世界对汽油和柴油依赖的有效途径。但是
43、，如果像现在这样，原油价格也很昂贵，那么这些可替代能源也能以有市场竞争力的价格出售，上升幅度可以和石油媲美。2010 年，美国把四分之一的玉米产量投人生物燃料的生产，随之而来的谷类价格上涨已经对粮食的供求和价格产生影响。评论家认为，对生物燃料的“淘金热” 使食物从解决温饱的轨道上脱离。生物燃料行业的领导者则回应说，能源消耗才是造成粮食价格居高不下的祸首，而不是生物燃料。“能源是全世界的情感维系，如果油价上涨那么其他商品自然亦步亦趋” ，克拉斯?索特，德国生物能源公司的首席执行官如是说。另一些人则争辩道，使用更环保的生物燃料能减轻气候变化带来的影响，这也是联合国粮食和农业组织认为造成食物短缺的另
44、一个因素。分析人士指出，科学家们相信气候变化是导致最近极端天气模式的幕后黑手，这其中包括泛滥的洪水、持续的高温和干旱。这些都能使粮食产量和储备减少。当然，市场因素也不可忽视。4 【正确答案】 全球化正在经受前所未有的压力。这种压力在世界各地轰轰烈烈地持续着。大部分撒哈拉以南的非洲地区，南美，中东和中亚全都深陷经济停滞或经济衰退的泥潭。北美，西欧和日本陷入缓慢增长的困境，并面临着新一轮的经济衰退。而战争现在正在召唤着伊拉克。对于那些开放市场和自由贸易的倡导者来说，这种经历提出了重大的挑战。为何全球化风险这样大? 为何它的利益似乎只集中在少数几个地方? 更加平衡的全球化能够实现吗?对这些问题，并没
45、有简单的答案。开放的市场对经济增长来说是必要的，却很难说是充分的。世界上有些地区，特别是东亚和中国，近些年来从全球化中获益匪浅，而有的地区则遭遇困境，尤其是撒哈拉以南的非洲。事实是，经济表现不仅取决于管理的标准，还取决于地缘政治，地理位置和经济结构。人口众多的国家拥有巨大的内部市场，往往比人口较少的国家发展快。沿海国家的表现往往优于内陆国家；疟疾肆虐的国家发展速度慢于疟疾罕见的国家；毗邻富裕市场的发展中国家，比如墨西哥，则遥遥领先于远离主要市场的国家。这些差异非常重要。如果富国不留意这种结构性的问题，我们会发现世界的贫富差距将继续增大。如果富国责怪这些运气不好的国家声称他们不知为何在文化或政治
46、上不适宜从全球化中受益我们将不仅制造更深层次的贫困，还将加剧动荡不安，继而导致日趋严重的暴力，反击，以及恐怖主义。5 【正确答案】 直到用语言描绘美，我才深感语言的贫乏与无奈。语言固然能创自身之美，却无法言传人们在世间感悟的那番美的意境，这恰如照片不能捕捉飞鹰掠天的惊人迅疾与超新星爆耀的慑人威力一样。伊娃的新婚像册，也不过是整个婚礼淡淡的一瞥。照片也好，文字也罢，要表达那种动人心魄稍纵即逝的辉煌之美，充其量不过是比划一下而已!因而我只好在这儿跟着“比画” 下去了。托马斯?默顿曾感言： “天地万物欲使我们想到天堂。 ”上天造物，生生不息，犹如连番上演的舞台剧，美亦展示得无拘无束、无穷无尽。若要从最显见的物类中获得更多美的感悟，则须经专门训练。即使在宇宙大爆炸的一百五十亿年后，其反射仍以背景辐射的形式，略略徘徊于绝对零度之上。正因为此，人们对美的体验，实则是对宇宙间无处不在的秩序与力量的目应。测量背景辐射，要有精巧的仪器，体验美，则需机敏的智能与敏锐的五官了。
