1、英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 91 及答案与解析英译汉1 To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle
2、 could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you dont is a fatal mistake, to which we are all p
3、rone.Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind , you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign you
4、 are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. Th
5、e most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge , but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yours getting angry about a difference of o
6、pinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.From How to Avoid Foolish Opinions by Bertrand Russell2 All parents damage their children. It cannot be helped. Youth, like pristine glass, absorbs the prints of its handlers
7、. Some parents smudge, others crack, a few shatter childhoods completely into jagged little pieces, beyond repair. Parents rarely let go of their children, so children let go of them. They move on. They move away. The moments that used to define thema mother s approval , a father s nodare covered by
8、 moments of their own accomplishments. It is not until much later, as the skin sags and the heart weakens, that children understand; their stories, and all their accomplishments, sit atop the stories of their mothers and fathers, stones upon stones, beneath the waters of their lives. Though it all,
9、despite it all, Eddie privately adored his old man, because sons will adore their fathers through even the worst behavior. It is how they learn devotion. Before he can devote himself to God or a woman, a boy will devote himself to his father, even foolishly, even beyond explanation.3 On Not Winning
10、the Nobel Prize (Excerpt) By Doris LessingWe have a treasure-house of literature, going back to the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Romans. It is all there. This wealth of literature, to be discovered again and again by whoever is lucky enough to come upon it. A treasure. Suppose it did not exist. How im
11、poverished, how empty we would be.We own a legacy of languages, poems, histories, and it is not one that will ever be exhausted. It is there, always.We have a bequest of stories, tales from the old storytellers, some of whose names we know, but some not The storytellers go back and back, to a cleari
12、ng in the forest where a great fire burns, and the old shamans dance and sing, for our heritage of stories began in fire, magic, the spirit world. And that is where it is held, today.The storyteller is deep inside every one of us. The story-maker always with us. Let us suppose our world is ravaged b
13、y war, by the horrors that we all of us easily imagine. Let us suppose floods wash through our cities, the seas rise. But the storyteller will be there, for it is our imaginations which shapes us, keep us, create usfor good and for ill. It is our stories that will recreate us, when we are torn, hurt
14、 even destroyed. It is the storyteller, the dream-maker, the myth-maker, that is our phoenix, which represents us at our best, and at our most creative.4 The Literature of Knowledge and the Literature of Power (Excerpt)By Thomas de QuincyWhat is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst
15、the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book. Little logic is required to disturb that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of manso that what
16、 applies only to a local, or professional , or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of book, will not belong to Literature. So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is as easily expanded. For not only is much that takes a station in books not literature; but i
17、nversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books. The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mindto warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to a-larmdoes not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth
18、 part of its extent. The Drama gainas, for instance, the finest of Shakespeare s plays in England, and an leading Athenian plays in the noontide of the Attic stage-operated as a literature on the public mind, and were ( according to the strictest letter of that term) published through the audiences
19、that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read; and they were published in this scenical mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during a-ges of costly copying or of costly printing.5 The most complex lesson the liter
20、ary point of view teachesand it is not, to be sure, a lesson available to all, and is even difficult to keep in mind once acquiredis to allow the intellect to become subservient to the heart. What wide reading teaches is the richness, the complexity, the mystery of life. In the wider and longer view
21、, I have come to believe, there is something deeply apoliticalsomething above politicsin literature, despite what feminist, Marxist, and other politicized literary critics may think. If at the end of a long life of reading the chief message you bring away is that women have had it lousy, or that cap
22、italism stinks, or that attention must above all be paid to victims, then Id say you just might have missed something crucial. Too bad, for there probably isnt time to go back to re-read your lifetimes allotment of five thousand or so books.英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 91 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 要避免人们常常所持的各种愚蠢的观点，并不需要过人
23、的天赋。立几条简单的规则，即使不能使你避免全部失误，也能避免那些蠢见。如果事情可以通过观察来解决，那你就亲自观察好了。亚里士多德错误地认为女人的牙齿比男人的少，其实他只需请亚里士多德夫人张一张口，亲自数一数，就可避免这一错误。但他没有这样做，因为他自以为他知道。自以为懂而实际上并不懂是我们都容易犯的致命错误。但是，许多事情并不是那么容易用经验来检验的。如果你像大多数人那样，在此类事情上执迷不误，那么有许多方法可以让你认识到自己的偏见。如果某一种与你相左的见解使你生气，那么这就是一种迹象，说明在潜意识里，你意识到没法给自己的想法以充分的理由。倘若有人坚称 2 加 2 等于 5 或者说冰岛是在赤道
24、上，你应当感到同情而不是愤怒，除非你对算术或地理知之甚少，以致他的观点动摇了你的立场。最激烈的争论往往是在那些双方都没有充分根据的问题上。迫害之所以仅发生于神学领域，而不见于算术领域，那是因为算术中有知识，而神学里仅有观点。因此，当你发现自己对不同的意见气恼时，一定要警惕，因为通过检验你或许会发现，你的信念与事实依据相去甚远。选自罗素如何避免蠢见2 【正确答案】 所有的父母都会伤害到孩子。谁都没有办法。孩子就像一只洁净的玻璃杯，拿过它的人会在上面留下手印。有些父母把杯子弄脏，有些父母把杯子弄裂，还有少数父母将孩子的童年摧毁成不可收拾的碎片。父母们很少会对他们的孩子放手，所以，孩子就对他们的父母
25、放手。他们向前走。他们向远处走。那些曾经让他们感到自身价值的东西母亲的赞同，父亲的点头都已经被他们自己取得的成绩所替代。直到很久以后，他们的皮肤变得松垂了，心脏变得衰弱了。那时他们才会明白：他们的故事和他们所有的成就，都是基于父母的经历建立起来的，就像生命之河里的石头一层层叠叠。尽管如此，爱迪依然默默地崇拜他的父亲。儿子们永远崇拜他们的父亲，甚至连最恶劣的行为也能够容忍。他们就是这样学会献身的。虽然愚蠢，虽然无法解释，一个男孩子在将自己献身给上帝或者一个女人之前，他会将自己献身给他的父亲。3 【正确答案】 我们拥有一个文学的宝库，它的历史可以追溯至埃及人、希腊人和罗马人的时期。那些幸运儿一次又
26、一次地发现了这份固有的文学财富。假设这份财富并不存在的话，我们的生活将变得多么地贫乏，我们的人生又将多么空虚。语言，诗歌，历史，这些都是我们所拥有的前人的馈赠。这份遗产取之不尽，亘久永存。古代的作家们留给了我们许多故事，这些人的名字有的为人们所知，有的却湮没在历史之中。最早的作家们出现在燃烧着巨大篝火的林中空地上：在那里，年迈的萨满巫师载歌载舞。我们现今所拥有的这些流传下来的故事正是从火焰、巫术和精神世界中起始的，那儿也是它们被保留传承下来的地方。这些作家深藏在我们每一个人的心中。故事的创造者们始终与我们相随。假设我们的世界因为战争而荒芜，因为我们所有人都能轻易想到的种种恐怖而被毁灭，假设洪水
27、肆虐过我们的城市，海平面不断上升即便如此，我们也总是能找到讲故事的人。这是因为正是我们的想象力塑造了我们自身，让我们得以坚持自我并创造新的自己无论是好的方面还是不好的方面。而在我们心灵破碎、备受伤害甚至濒临毁灭的时候，正是那些作品重新将我们凝结成型。这些讲故事的人为我们创造了梦想，缔造了神话，他们就像是浴火重生的不死鸟，代表着我们最优秀和最具创造力的那一部分。4 【正确答案】 知识之文学与力量之文学(节选)托马斯?德 ?昆西我们所谓文学是指什么?对一般人，尤其是对那些懒于思考的人而言，文学即印人书本的一切。无需借用逻辑我们就可推翻这一定义。即便最愚笨的人也可轻易使他明白，文学的一个本质就在于它
28、对人类普遍、共同问题的关注，因此，那些仅着眼于局部、职业、或只属于个人兴趣的文字，纵使凭借了书本的形式，也不可妄称文学。这样，文学就被框定在一个较窄范围之内。不过，它的定义如要拓宽一二，也很容易。许多依凭书本的文字称不上文学，反之，很多真正属于文学的东西也从未以书本的形式存在过。基督教会每周的布道文，那些广泛而深远地影响着公众心智，对其或规劝、或弘扬、或重申、或宽慰、或警示的数不胜数的文稿，它们在图书馆的圣殿中所占位置也不过万分之一。再看戏剧，以英国莎翁最杰出的剧作及雅典鼎盛时期所有的经典剧目为例，这些作品在公众心目中无疑堪称文学，但在刊印出来供人阅读之前，它们实际上就已通过观众“发表” 了(从最严格的意义上讲)。也许，舞台表演在版权和印刷都极为昂贵的那个时代要比书本具有更大的影响。5 【正确答案】 习文者至上境界，绝非放眼可得，且难以得而居之，即所谓才识从于心声。广博阅读可带来丰硕内在，揭示万物之理，生息之道。暂不理会那些深陷于女权，马克思主义之类政论的文评家，我深信文字的更深层次锩刻在政治的对立面，令其黯然。若你在读书生涯的墓志铭上所留尽是妇人之失德，资本主义之万恶，以及对于注意力的溢美，我只能说你不得要义。而且，很抱歉，此时只怕你也有心无力于此生面对千万书籍自己屡屡作出的不佳选择。
