1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 10 及答案与解析英译汉1 American urbanization went forward in the same climate of the unexpected that has characterized urbanization everywhere. Townsmen, home builders, immigrants, businesses, and governments have made their way in a setting of constant change. They have dwelt in a space the
2、y could never know or predict. The settlement , the building and rebuilding, the economy and the governance of American cities thus takes the shape of a history of peoples who brought commonly accepted knowledge and traditions to a situation that demanded continuing adaptation and change.Today the U
3、nited States is a thoroughly urbanized nation. Only 3. 4 percent of the population still farms, and everyone else, regardless of the size of the settlement, is employed in urban-type jobs. Yet for all the novelty of the present situation, survivals of past stages of American urbanization continues a
4、s active tensions within the new totally urbanized setting.The racial conflicts between whites and blacks, devolving from the seventeenth century enslavement of Africans, grind on. Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century conflicts among farmers, village merchants, city brokers, and bankers g
5、o forward in the politics of governments-subsidized agriculture and government-managed banking. The rivalries among developers, contractors, and cities that characterized the building of nineteenth century canals and railroads reappear in the politics of interstate highways, airplanes, and telecommu
6、nications. The specialized city districts that first took shape in the nineteenth century now have been magnified a thousand times into the giant mosaics of metropolitan suburbs, industrial and office parks, shopping centers, and resort and retirement settlements. The community-destroying tensions o
7、f relative poverty amidst great wealth first appeared with urban boom of the early nineteenth century. At that time these tensions found their characteristic outlets in workers unions. Now riches and poverty are separated into distant enclaves within vast metropolitan regions, and class conflicts ap
8、pear in the rivalry of economic factions for special advantages within the system of welfare capitalism of the federal government. The American city remains, as in the nineteenth century, the preeminent place of class contrast, but in the current national and international economy of the United Stat
9、es the city is no longer the place where relief can be sought.2 Philip Knight, Nike s multibillionaire Chairman and chief executive, managed to generate a lot of positive press recently when he announced that independent organizations would be allowed to inspect the overseas factories that make his
10、company s products, that he would toughen the health and safety standards in the factories, and that he would crack down on the use of child labor. There is both merit and a lot of smoke in Knight s initiative.The admission into the plants of truly independent observers from local nongovernmental or
11、ganizations would be a great advance. If Knight follows through in good faith on this promise, the working conditions in the factories are likely to improve, and it will be substantially more difficult for other large apparel companies to resist similar pledges.The proposed improvements in health an
12、d safety standards, which would bring them in line with standards in the United States, are also important. Footwear factories are equipped with heavy machinery that can cause serious injury, and much of the raw material used in the factories is toxic. Many workers at plants turning out shoes for Ni
13、ke and other international companies spend their days inhaling dangerous fumes.Knight s child labor initiative is another matter. It s a smokescreen. Child labor has not been a big problem with Nike, and Phillip Knight knows that better than anyone. But public relations is public relations so he ann
14、ounces that he s not going to let the factories hire kids, and suddenly that s headline.Knight is like a three-card monte player. You have to keep a close eye on him at all times. The biggest problem with Nike is that its overseas workers make wretched, below-subsistence wages. It s not the minimum
15、age that needs raising, it s the minimum wage. Most of the workers in Nike factories in China and Vietnam make less than $ 2 a day, well below the subsistence levels in those countries. In Indonesia, the pay is less than $ 1 a day.3 In Shanghai s Shadow?Hong Kong Or Shanghai? There are few more pred
16、ictable conversations around the dinner tables of SAR financial and government sorts than the perennial question of whether Hong Kong will be eclipsed by its northern competitor.The official line in Hong Kong is that there is room enough for two Chinese financial centers. Economies like the United S
17、tates support multiple centers serving specific industry clusters and regions. New York and Chicago compete and complement on each other at the same time, goes the reasoning.Hong Kong s advantage is its clean government, predictable and common law based legal environment, and international orientati
18、on. The city is wired into the overseas Chinese network by bonds of language and history, has its Guangdong industrial hinterland and will remain the international finance raising center of China even as Shanghai develops a far larger domestic finance base.On the “eclipse“ side, the case is basicall
19、y that every great trading port has its day. Just as the Venetian states and Liverpool fell off the trading map as the locus of trade and economic activity shifted, so Hong Kong s “competitive advantage“ has a narrow window. The decline might be relative , but Shanghai s industrial, entrepreneurial
20、and political power means that must dominate.Hong Kong well knows the advantage of critical mass over ambitious competitors that protest to try harder. It has had that relationship with Singapore for years. The southern city-state has ambitiously courted fund managers, chip markers and software vend
21、ors with subsidies and freebies, but Singapore continues to chase without seriously threatening Hong Kong s Asian business hub status.Recently, through its rebranding efforts, Hong Kong is intending to differentiate the city in the minds of outsiders. That seems a bit silly, but harmless.In short, i
22、t doesn t matter whether Shanghai rules, as long as Hong Kong does what it does best, rather than ape what it believes a competitor such as Shanghai might do, if and when it becomes the dominant commercial Chinese city.4 Japan s Tough ChoiceJapanese policymakers are in a real fix. They seem to have
23、tried almost everything to deal with the persistent deflation in the world s second-biggest economy, but failed. Interest rates are close to zero. They have pumped trillions of yen into the economyin fact, they have issued so many government bonds that their credit rating is threatened. But deflatio
24、n persists. And so, it appears, the only thing left is devaluation. In December 3, the yen weakened by 7% against the dollar. This month it fell still further, to ￥ 133. 4 against the dollar, a 39-month low, raising suspicions that devaluation is already government policy.Japan s problems are acute
25、indeed. The Nikkei stock market index stands at little more than a quarter of the level of its 1989 peak. The country has been in recession for the past year and national income is expected to shrink again this year. Industrial production withered by 13% in the year to November. Consumer prices, whi
26、ch have been falling since 1999, are expected to continue to decline this year. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it appeared as if inflation was the only evil. But deflation comes with its own problems. For one, consumers hold off spending because they know their money will be worth more tomorrow. De
27、mand falls. Companies lay off workers, making consumers even warier about spending, and demand falls again. In Japan, there are two other problems : real interest rates, that is interest rates after inflation, become very high, and deflation swells an already heavy debt burden in real terms.Japanese
28、 unemployment is at a historical high of 5. 5%. On top of this, there is believed to be much hidden unemployment across the economy. The actions taken so far seem to have had little effect. Japanese consumers have refused to increase their spending, and the Japanese savings rate remains among the hi
29、ghest in the world.5 Converting the Masses: Starbucks in ChinaIt sounds like Mission Impossible: sell coffee to China s tea drinkers. Starbucks solution is to select high-profile locations on the busiest streets, where stores are sure to seduce the see-and-be-seen set.As Starbucks launches an aggres
30、sive expansion in China, a coffee frontier steeped in nearly 5 ,000 years of tea. The goal; to build hip hang-outs that tap into a new taste for China s emerging middle class.Starbucks China doesn t plan any advertising, promotions, or other marketing strategies, aside from sponsoring an on-line cof
31、fee club and the occasional office-tower coffee tasting. Instead, the company is counting on selecting such high-visibility, high-traffic cafe locations that they market themselves. Its main advertising medium is the store itself.But in fast-changing Chinese cities, finding locations that will embod
32、y the right lifestyle is more akin to gambling than science. The computerized mapping databases that the company uses to test a potential street corner in the United States would be of little help in Chinese cities. Starbucks also faces an uphill battle. Local media reported that 70% of people they
33、surveyed would rather not see the chain in Beijing s Forbidden City. And even for middle-class Chinese, Starbucks is a barely affordable luxury.While retailers say a top marketing weapon in urban China is to charge more for public consumption. That s because Chinese customers have different prioriti
34、es than their American yuppie counterparts. Guys 40 years old are not coffee drinkers, but if the environment is good and the coffee is not bad, they ll come back. The store layout, artwork and food options make Starbucks more friendly to Chinese eyes, but coffee remains the core offering and people
35、 don t go there for the coffee. They go there to present themselves as modern Chinese in a public setting.英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 10 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 美国的城市化，在那些毫无预见的人看来，是在其他地方的城市化毫无二致的气氛中进行的。城镇居民、营造家园者、外地移民、商贸往来、政府部门，都在不断变化的环境中拓展。他们生活在一个自己不可能知道，也不可能预见的空间中。因此，美国城市的开拓，建设和重建，经济发展，管理整治，呈现出一种历史形式，即不同的民族把共同接受的知识
36、和传统带到了一个需要不断调整和改变的情势下。如今的美国已是一个彻底城市化的国家；除了 34的人依然务农外，其他人，不管其财产处理方式如何，均从事城市型的工作。尽管当前的情况很新奇，但是，美国城市化过程中各个历史阶段遗留下来的东西，都作为灵敏的张力继续出现在完全城市化的新环境中。从 17 世纪非洲人沦为奴隶开始的白人和黑人之间的种族冲突，依然存在；17、18 和 19 世纪农场主、农村商人、城市经纪人、银行家之间的分歧，仍然在政府补贴农业、政府管理银行的政治方面有增无减。19 世纪开发者、承包商和城镇一度围绕开渠修路展开的竞争，又重新出现在州际公路、机场和电讯等建设上。19世纪首次形成的专业化市
37、区，如今扩大了上千倍，已成为都市郊区、工业园区、办公园地、购物中心、避暑疗养地等庞大建筑群体。随着 19 世纪初期城市的繁荣，首先在巨富中间出现了相对贫困，造成破坏社区的紧张状况。当时的这种紧张状况主要表现在工人组织之中。现在的贫富分化已在广大城区中形成差异，非常悬殊的社区，阶级冲突已随着经济派别在联邦政府实行的福利资本主义制度内争夺特殊利益而出现。现在的美国城市仍然是像 19 世纪那样是一个阶级差别鲜明的地方，但是，在美国当前的国家和国际经济中，城市不再是人们可以寻求轻松的去处。【知识模块】 英译汉2 【正确答案】 拥有数十亿资产的耐克公司董事长兼总经理菲利浦?奈特，最近设法赢得了舆论的大量
38、好评，因为他宣布允许独立的机构组织去视察生产耐克产品的国外工厂，宣称他将强化那些工厂的卫生和安全标准，还说他将采取严厉措施禁止雇用童工。奈特的这番主动行为有可取的地方，但其中也有不少烟幕。允许非政府组织的真正独立的地方观察员进入那些工厂，这应该是一个巨大的进步。如果奈特真心诚意地兑现这个许诺，那些工厂的劳动条件将有望得到改善，而其他名牌服装制造公司要想不做出类似的承诺也肯定会更加困难。提出对卫生安全标准进行改进，使其符合美国的标准，这一点也很重要。制鞋厂通常配备有可能造成严重伤害的重型机械，工厂使用的许多原料都是有毒物质。很多为耐克公司和其他国际公司造鞋的工人整天都在吸入有害气体。奈特在童工问
39、题上的主动则是另一码事了。那是一道烟幕。童工问题对于耐克公司并不是什么大问题，这点奈特比任何人都更清楚。但公关就是公关。于是他宣布不允许那些工厂雇用童工，而这突然间成了头条新闻。奈特就像一个玩飞牌的高手。人们不得不随时死死盯住他。耐克公司最大的问题是其海外工人只能领到难以维持最低生活水平的工资。所以该公司需要提高的不是工人的最低年龄，而是工人的最低薪金，在耐克公司设在中国和越南的工厂中，大多数工人每天的薪金还不到 2 美元，远远低于这些国家的最低生活水准。在印度尼西亚，工人每天的薪金还不到 1 美元。【知识模块】 英译汉3 【正确答案】 处在上海的阴影下?香港和上海，谁将胜出?香港特别行政区的
40、金融界和政界人士聚餐谈论时，常常提到北面的竞争者上海是否会超越香港，使香港黯然失色，但这恐怕是最难预测前景的话题了。香港官方人士认为，中国地域广阔，两个金融中心并存绰绰有余。理由是，美国等一些经济大国扶持建立多个中心，以服务于特定的产业群和地区。纽约和芝加哥两个城市就是处于相互竞争，而又相互补充的关系。香港的优势在于政府廉明，法制环境以较为稳定的习惯法为基础，城市面向国际社会。香港凭借语言和历史的纽带，与海外华人网络形成密切联系，又有广东这一工业腹地，即使上海扩展成为比香港规模更大的国内金融中心，香港仍将保持中国国际金融中心的地位。持上海将超越香港论调的人士，主要认为每个贸易大港都有全盛时期。
41、就像威尼斯城邦和利物浦，随着贸易所在地和经济活动的迁移，这两个贸易港也从贸易地图上逐渐淡出了。香港也一样，其竞争优势前景有限。香港衰退也许是相对而言的，但上海在工业、企业和政治上的实力意味着上海势必占据优势地位。香港十分清楚，尽管许多竞争对手充满抱负，扬言要更加奋发图强，但香港在诸多重要领域，仍占有优势。多年来，香港与新加坡就一直处于这种关系。南面的城市国家新加坡曾雄心勃勃，为投资经理、芯片开发人员和软件商提供津贴和其他优惠，来吸引这些人才。新加坡仍在追赶香港，但始终没有严重威胁到其亚洲经济中心的地位。最近，香港致力于重塑城市形象，以期外人对香港有个崭新的看法。这看上去有点傻，倒也无碍。总之，
42、倘若上海果真成了中国首屈一指的商业都市，只要香港一如既往地以其最佳方式行事，而不是模仿其所谓竞争对手上海可能采取的做法，那么上海即使占了上风，也无关紧要了。【知识模块】 英译汉4 【正确答案】 日本政府的痛苦抉择日本决策者现在正是一筹莫展。这个世界上的第二经济大国，国内通货紧缩势头持续不减。决策者似乎使尽了浑身解数：国内利率已调低近乎零，动用了上万亿日元以望拉动经济其实，日本政府发行的政府债券数量繁多，政府信用级别面临很大的风险。可这一切都无济于事，通货紧缩仍不见好转。如此看来，这最后一招就剩下让日元贬值了。去年 12 月份，日元对美元比率下降了 7，本月更是跌至13344，是 39 个月来的
43、最低谷，致使大家都怀疑日元贬值是日本政府早已制定的政策。日本面临的经济问题着实严重。目前，日经股指仅有 1989 年高峰期的四分之一强。过去一年，日本经济持续衰退，预计今年国民收入将再次减少。工业产品到去年 11 月份已萎缩 13，消费物价指数自 1999 年以来一直下跌，预计今年将继续下降。二十世纪七、八十年代，通货膨胀似乎是唯一严重的问题。但通货紧缩也带来了自身的问题。比如，消费者知道明天自己的钱会更值钱，就会持币不花；需求下降。公司临时解雇工人，这使消费者花钱愈发小心翼翼，而需求进一步下降。日本政府还面临着另外两个问题，实质利率(即扣除通货膨胀率后的实际回报率)变得很高，同时通货紧缩使本
44、已沉重的债务负担更重了。日本的失业率已高达 55，到了历史最高水平。另外，据信全国还有很多隐性的失业人数，而日本政府所采用的措施收效甚微。日本消费者已表示不愿意再多花一分钱，这使日本的储蓄率高居全球之首。【知识模块】 英译汉5 【正确答案】 星巴克强力吸引中国消费者向中国的饮茶人兜售咖啡，听起来像是不可能完成的任务。而星巴克的招数是选择繁华街道的黄金地段，在那儿咖啡店一定会吸引那些爱凑热闹的人。随着星巴克在中国开拓市场的强劲势头，具有近 5000 年历史的中国茶文化就渗透了来自咖啡王国的浓香。目标是把星巴克建成时新的常去的场所，吸引中国新兴中产阶级品尝新的口味。除了在网上主办咖啡俱乐部及偶尔在
45、写字楼提供咖啡品尝活动外，星巴克在中国不打算进行任何广告宣传、促销活动，也不打算实施其他的营销策略。相反，星巴克公司依靠选择那种显眼的、交通发达的咖啡店店址来做自我宣传；星巴克最主要的宣传媒介是咖啡店本身。然而，在变化莫测的中国大城市找到能体现适当生活方式的地方，与其说是一种科学的经营理念，倒不如说是一场赌博。在美国，该公司利用计算机处理的地图数据库探寻潜在街角，但这种做法在中国城市却没有多大用处。同时，星巴克也面临着一场攻艰战。据当地媒体报道，70的接受调查者不同意星巴克在北京的紫禁城开连锁店。即使对中国的中产阶层而言，星巴克咖啡也是一种勉强能消费得起的奢侈品。不过，零售商们却说，在中国城市营销的一个最强有力的武器就是对大众消费品制定高价格，原因是中国消费者的侧重点与美国的雅皮士们不同。40 岁的中国人几乎不喝咖啡，但如果环境优雅、咖啡味道又不差，他们还会成为回头客。虽然咖啡仍是星巴克咖啡店的主题，但店内的布局、艺术品的摆放以及可供选择的各色食品比咖啡本身更令中国人着迷，而且人们光顾星巴克并不为了喝咖啡，而是为了在公共场合有机会表明自己是时尚的中国人。【知识模块】 英译汉
