1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 13 及答案与解析英译汉1 It is a research that is guaranteed to delight men and infuriate the women in their lives. A controversial new study has claimed that men really are more intelligent than women. The study concluded that men s IQs are almost four points higher than women s.British-born
2、researcher John Philippe Rushton, who previously created a furor by suggesting intelligence is influenced by race, says the finding could explain why so few women make it to the top in the workplace. He claims the glass ceiling phenomenon is probably due to inferior intelligence, rather than discrim
3、ination or lack of opportunity.The University of Western Ontario psychologist reached his conclusion after scrutinizing the results of university aptitude tests taken by 100, 000 students aged 17 and 18 of both sexes. A focus on factors such as the ability to quickly grasp a complex concept, verbal
4、reasoning skills and creativity some of the key ingredients of intelligence revealed the male teenagers had IQs that were an average of 3. 63 points higher. The average person has an IQ of around 100.The findings, which held true for all classes and levels of parental education, overturn a 100 year
5、consensus that men and women average the same in general mental ability. They also conflict with evidence that girls do better in school exams than boys. But Prof Rushton, who was born in Bournemouth and obtained his doctorate in social psychology from the London School of Economics, argues that the
6、 faster maturing of girls leads to them outshining boys in the classroom.2 Language exists to communicate whatever it can communicate. Some things it communicates so badly that we never attempt to communicate them by words if any other medium is available. Those who think they are testing a boy s “e
7、lementary“ command of English by asking him to describe in words how one ties one s tie or what a pair of scissors is like, are far astray. For precisely what language can hardly do at all, and never does well, is to inform us about complex physical shapes and movements. Hence descriptions of such t
8、hings in the ancient writers are nearly always unintelligible. Hence we never in real life voluntarily use language for this purpose; we draw a diagram or go through pantomimic gestures. The exercises which such examiners set are no more a test of “elementary“ linguistic competence than the most dif
9、ficult bit of trickriding from the circus ring is a test of elementary horsemanship.Another grave limitation of language is that it cannot, like music or gesture, do more than one thing at once. However the words in a great poet s phrase interanimate one other and strike the mind as quasi-instantane
10、ous chord, yet, strictly speaking, each word must be read or heard before the next. That way, language is as unilinear as time. Hence, in narrative, the great difficulty of presenting a very complicated change which happens suddenly. If we do justice to the complexity, the time the reader must take
11、over the passage will destroy the feeling of suddenness. If we get in the suddenness we shall not be able to get in the complexity.One of the most important and effective uses of language is the emotional. It is also, of course, wholly legitimate. We do not talk only in order to reason or to inform.
12、 We have to make love and quarrel, to propitiate and pardon, to rebuke, to console, intercede, and a rouse. “ He that complains ,“ said Johnson, “ acts like a man, like a social being. “ The real objection lies not against the language of emotion as such, but against language which, being in reality
13、 emotional, masqueradeswhether by plain hypocrisy or subtle self-deceitas being something else.3 Thoughts in Westminster AbbeyWhen I am in a serious humour, I very often walk by myself in Westminster Abbey; where the gloominess of the place, and the use which it is applied, with the solemnity of the
14、 building, and the condition of the people who lie in it, are apt to fill the mind with a kind of melancholy, or rather thoughtfulness, that is not disagreeable. I yesterday passed a whole afternoon in the churchyard, the cloisters, and the church, amusing myself with the tombstones and inscriptions
15、 that I met with in those several regions of the dead. Most of them recorded nothing else of the buried person, but that he was born upon one day, and died upon another: the whole history of his life being comprehended in those two circumstances, that are common to all mankind. I could not but look
16、upon these registers of existence, whether of brass or marble, as a kind of satire upon the departed persons ; who had left no other memorial of them, but that they were born and that they died. They put me in mind of several persons mentioned in the battles of heroic poems, who have sounding names
17、given them, for no other reason but that they may be killed, and are celebrated for nothing but being knocked on the head. The life of these men is finely described in holy writ by the path of an arrow , which is immediately closed up and lost.Upon my going into the church, I entertained myself with
18、 the digging of a grave; and saw in every shovelful of it that was thrown up, the fragment of a bone or skull intermixt with a kind of fresh mouldering earth, that some time or other had a place in the composition of a human body.Upon this I began to consider with myself what innumerable multitudes
19、of people lay confused together under the pavement of that ancient cathedral; how men and women, friends and enemies, priests and soldiers, monks and prebendaries, were crumbled amongst one another, and blended together in the same common mass; how beauty, strength, and youth, with old age, weakness
20、 and deformity, lay undistinguished in the same promiscuous heap of matter.4 A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words
21、, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. “ They are never alone,“ said Sir Philip Sidney, “ that are accompanied by noble thoughts. “The good and true thought may in times of temptation be as an angel of mercy purifying and guarding the s
22、oul. It also enshrines the germs of action, for good words almost always inspire to good works.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fre
23、sh today as when they first passed through their author s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.Boo
24、ks introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we
25、 were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe.The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk a-broad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men
26、of old.5 In the United States, and here in Asia, intellectual property accounts for a significant and growing segment of commercial trade. But the same technologies that have spurred rapid growth in the legitimate economy have also allowed criminals to misappropriate the creativity of our innovators
27、 and entrepreneursand to operate global enterprises that survive by executing IP schemes. In fact, for every technological and commercial quantum leap we have made, criminalsand often entire international criminal syndicateshave kept pace. They have developed sophisticated methods for committing eve
28、ry imaginable type of intellectual property offense. They aren t just selling counterfeit clothing or electronics. They re selling defective and dangerous imitations of critical components , like brake pads, or everyday consumer goods, like toothpaste. They re conducting corporate espionage. They re
29、 pirating music, movies, games, software, and other copyrighted worksboth on our cities streets and online. And the consequences are devastating. The global software industry is a prime example. According to recent industry reports, it is now estimated that, worldwide, more than 40 percent of all so
30、ftware installed on personal computers is obtained illegallywith forgone revenues to the software industry topping $ 50 billion. These are funds that could have been invested in new jobs and next-generation technologies. And software piracy affects more than just the software industrysince, for ever
31、y $ 1 of PC software sold, it s estimated that more than $ 3 of revenues are lost to local IT support and distribution services. Other IP and support industries are seeing the same ripple effect of lossesand current trends are alarming. Perhaps most concerning of all, however, is the widespread grow
32、th we ve seen in the international sale of counterfeit pharmaceuticals, which can put the stability of corporationsand, more importantly, the health of consumersat serious risk.英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 13 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 这项研究结果一定会让男人高兴，而惹女人生气。一项具有争议的最新研究表明，男人确实比女人聪明。研究发现，男人的智商比女人高四分。英国籍研究员约翰? 菲利普 ?鲁什顿曾因提出“
33、智商受到种族影响”这一观点引起了一场轰动，他说，此次最新研究结果可以解释为什么很少有女性能成为职场精英。约翰?菲利普 ?鲁什顿表示，造成这种 “玻璃天花板”现象的原因可能是女性的智商不及男性，而不是性别歧视或缺乏良机。这位西安大略大学的心理学家对 10 万名 17 至 18 岁的男女学生进行了大学智力测试，在仔细分析测试结果后，他得出了上述结论。此项测试着重对学生快速理解复杂概念、语言推理能力和创造力等几项智力指标进行了考察。结果发现，男学生的智商平均高出 363 分。一般人的智商水平在 100 分左右。这项研究结果适用于各类人群和各个年龄阶段，它推翻了长期以来人们所一致认同的“男女智力相当
34、”这一观点。此外，这项研究结果与女孩的考试成绩总比男孩好这一事实相矛盾。对此，出生于伯恩茅斯镇，在伦敦经济学院获得了社会心理学博士学位的鲁什顿教授辩解说，女孩比男孩学习好是因为女孩比男孩成熟得早。【知识模块】 英译汉2 【正确答案】 语言的存在就是用来表达它所能表达的一切。有些事情用语言表达效果太糟，所以如果有其他的媒介，我们从不用语言去表达。有人认为，让小孩用语言描述怎样系领带，或者描述一把剪刀的样子，就能测出他语言的“基本” 水平，这种看法是完全错误的。语言做不到，也从来做不好的事，恰恰就是描述复杂的物体形状和动作。因此，古代作家对这类事情的描述，几乎总是让人看不懂。因此，我们在现实生活中
35、，从来不会主动用语言来做这些事；我们会画一个图，或者用手势表示。这种语言测试设计，考的不是语言的“基本” 能力，这就像用马戏团花样骑马表演中最难的部分，去考一个人的基本骑术。语言的另一大局限就是它无法像音乐或手势那样，一次能做不止一件事。一个伟大的诗人，即使他的词句那样相互辉映，一瞬间好像和弦一样打动了我们，但是，严格来说，每一个字都是一个接一个地读到或听到的。这么说，语言就和时间一样，是单线前进的。因此，在叙事时，要描述瞬间发生的复杂变化，就十分困难。如果我们要把复杂性适当描述出来，读者阅读这一段语言所花的时间就会破坏瞬间感。如果我们要体现这件事的瞬间感，我们就无法表现其复杂性。语言最重要、
36、最有效的一种用途就是表达感情。这当然也完全是合情合理的。我们说话不止是为了讲道理、说事情。我们还要表达爱情、与人争吵、劝解抚慰、宽恕原谅，还要指责、安慰、调解、激发他人。约翰逊说过：“会抱怨的人行动起来才像一个人，才像一个社会的人。”我们真正要反对的并不是这种表达感情的语言，而是那种实质是表达感情，但却通过十足的虚伪或者是巧妙的自欺，伪装成别的东西的语言。【知识模块】 英译汉3 【正确答案】 西敏寺内的遐想每当心情沉重的时候，我总是独自一人去西敏寺教堂；那里肃穆的气氛，教堂特有的神圣，庄重的建筑，在那里安息的人们的身份地位，无不给人的心里注满一种忧郁，或不妨说令人沉思，令人欣然。昨天我在教堂草
37、地、回廊和教堂里度过了整整一个下午，在好几个墓区里，打量墓碑和碑文，聊以自娱。大部分的墓碑上只刻着死者姓名和生卒年月：人们对其一生的了解也只在于人类所共有的生死两字。对于那些逝去的人们的生死记录，不管是刻在铜牌上还是刻在大理石碑上，我都不由自主地将它们看作是对死者的一种讽刺；他们没有留下任何别的记录，只是生与死。他们使我想到了英雄诗歌中描写战争时提到的几个人物，他们有响亮的名字，不为别的原因，只是因为他们可能战死，只是因为他们的死亡而为人纪念。圣经中的句子“如箭飞过 ”恰如其分地描写了这些人的一生：一闪而过，不见踪影。我走进教堂，观看别人挖一座坟墓；只见挖出来的每一铲新的腐土中，都混杂着骨头或
38、头颅的碎块，曾几何时，这些碎块还是人身体的一部分呢。看见这个情景，我暗自思忖，在这座古老的大教堂的路底下，混埋着何等众多的人啊；男人和女人，朋友和敌人，牧师和士兵，修士和受俸牧师，全都变成了碎块，混在一起；美丽、强壮、年轻的人和年老力衰、畸形的人，毫无区别地杂处在一堆之中。【知识模块】 英译汉4 【正确答案】 好书常如最精美的宝器，珍藏着人的一生思想的精华。人生的境界，主要就在于他思想的境界。所以，最好的书是金玉良言的宝库，若将其中的崇高思想铭记于心，就成为我们忠实的伴侣和永恒的慰藉。菲利普?悉尼爵士说得好：“有高尚思想与之做伴的人永不孤独。”当我们面临诱惑的时候，优美纯真的思想会像仁慈的天使
39、一样，纯洁并保卫我们的灵魂。优美纯真的思想也蕴育着行动的胚芽，因为金玉良言几乎总会启发善行。书籍具有不朽的本质，是人类勤奋努力的最为持久的产物。寺庙会倒坍，神像会朽烂，而书却经久长存。对于伟大的思想来说，时间是无关重要的。多少年代前初次闪现在作者脑海里的伟大思想今天依然清新如故。他们当时的言论和思想刊于书页，如今依然那么生动感人。时间惟一的作用是淘汰不好的作品，因为只有真正的佳作才能经世长存。书籍引导我们与最优秀的人物为伍，使我们置身历代伟人巨匠之间，如闻其声，如观其行，如见其人。同他们情感交融，悲喜与共。他们的感受成为我们自己的感受，我们觉得有点像是在作者所描绘的人生舞台上跟他们一起演出了。
40、即使在人世间，伟大杰出的人物，也是永生不灭的，他们的精神载入书册，传之四海。书是人们至今仍在聆听的智慧之声，永远充满着活力。所以，我们永远都是在受着历代伟人的影响。【知识模块】 英译汉5 【正确答案】 在美国和亚洲这里，知识产权是商业贸易中十分重要而且不断增长的成分。但那些在合法的经济中推动了经济快速增长的技术，同样也让犯罪分子有可能侵占我们的发明家和企业家的创造力经营着以进行知识产权骗局为生的全球性行业。实际上，对于我们在每一项技术和商业上的飞跃，犯罪分子常常是整个国际犯罪集团从不落后。他们想出高超的技巧，犯下了知识产权上每一类可以想象的罪行。他们不只是销售假冒服装或电子产品。他们销售关键部
41、件的残次和危险的仿制品，如刹车片，或像牙膏这样的日常消费品。他们从事企业间谍活动。他们盗版音乐、电影、游戏，软件等版权作品，既在我们的城市街头，也在互联网上。而其后果破坏性极大。全球软件行业是一个典型的例子。根据最近的行业报告，据估计，全世界个人电脑上安装的软件 40以上是非法获取的使软件产业失去的收入高达 500 亿美元以上。这些资金本来可以投资在创造新的就业机会和下一代的技术。软件盗版不仅仅影响软件行业因为个人电脑软件每销售 1美元，据估计当地信息技术的支持和销售服务都会损失超过 3 美元的收入。知识产权和其他附属行业的损失也出现了同样的涟漪效应目前的趋势令人不安。不过，也许最令人关注的是我们所看到在国际上出售的假冒药品普遍增多，这会把公司的稳定性更重要的是消费者的健康置于严重危险之中。【知识模块】 英译汉
