1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 2 及答案与解析英译汉1 The news of Roosevelt s death reached Washington in the early afternoon on April 12, 1945. It is hardly necessary to point out the importance of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was a world figure of monumental proportions. Roosevelt s strength in dealing with foreign leaders
2、stemmed from his e-normous popularity throughout the world, even in countries he had never been in. Yet it cannot be said that he was a likable man. He preferred informal relationships which were informal merely in structure. He could not stand protocol in the accepted sense of the world but was qui
3、ck to resent the slightest departure from the respect normally accorded the President of the United States, and the aura of the office was always around him. Even Hopkins was always respectful and careful in his manner with the president. Roosevelt influenced people by the fact that he was president
4、. Among those who worked with him in the White House for long periods of time, there was real affection for him, but not the kind of human feeling that springs from personal love.In foreign affairs, Roosevelt did his job only moderately well. The methods and techniques that he usually used with cons
5、ummate skill in domestic politics did not fit well in foreign affairs. He relied on his instinctive grasp of the subject, which was good, and his genius for improvisation to find solutions to problems. In domestic affairs, where all elements were under the same national roof and therefore the reacti
6、ons had a pattern of similarity, this technique worked. In foreign affairs, this style meant a lack of precision, which, as people have pointed out, was a serious fault.A deeper knowledge of history and certainly a better understanding of reactions of foreign peoples would have been useful to the pr
7、esident. Helpful, too, would have been more study of the position papers prepared by American conviction that the other fellow is a “ good guy“ who will respond properly and decently if you treat him right.2 Globalization is transforming the world. While it brings great benefits to some countries an
8、d individualsa backlash has arisen because these benefits are distributed so unequally and because the global market is not yet underpinned by values and rules that address key social concerns such as the protection of human rights, labor standards and the environment. Globalization has also, unwitt
9、ingly , made it easier for what I have called “uncivil society“crime, terrorism, drug and arms-traffickingto move across borders. Our challenge today is to make globalization an engine that lifts people out of hardship and misery, not a force that holds them down.The past half century had brought un
10、precedented economic gains. Most people today can expect to live longer than their parents. They are better nourished, enjoy better health, are better educated, and on the whole face more favorable economic prospects. But there is also widespread deprivation and despair. More than 1 billion people m
11、ust survive on less than $ 1 a day. Striking inequality persists within and among countries. Diseases such as AIDS and malaria threaten to undo years of progress. Worsening the poverty gap is the “digital divide“ between the technology-rich and the technology-poor. At a time when information and kno
12、wledge have become the main source of wealth and power, half the developing world s people have never made or received a telephone call, much less used a computer. Bringing these people into the mainstream is one of our biggest projects.3 Unemployment in America is high, and elections are on the hor
13、izon. It must be time to look east again for scapegoats. Japan is only starting to recover from its protracted recession, so China will be handed the role of economic villain in the coming U. S. election cycle. Expect to hear a chorus of presidential candidates blame unfair Chinese competition for A
14、merica s manufacturing woes.China s trading partners do have legitimate grievances, but it would be irresponsible and inaccurate for American politicians to pin the United States economic sluggishness on scheming culprits in Beijing. Traveling in Asia in October, Treasury Secretary John Snow heeded
15、political pressures back home in exhorting Chinese leaders to let the market price their currency. This is a desirable outcome in the long run, but a raft of immediate caveats come to mind.China s financial system remains fragile, and sudden currency volatility could lead to a banking crisis that co
16、uld sell disaster for the world economy. Washington would do better to urge China s leaders to focus on their lack of preparation to assume their proper role in the world s financial order, rather than to demand any supposedly quick fix. Moreover, China s refusal to devalue its currency in the after
17、math of the late 1990 s crises in East Asiamuch appreciated by its neighbors and Washington at a time when the yuan seemed overvaluedadds credence to Beijing s insistence that it prizes stability when it comes to exchange rates, not short-term advantage. With most economists concerned that China s r
18、obust growth could fuel inflation and a speculative bubble, there are valid reasons for Beijing to fear a surging currency.4 Economists have long been a natural constituency in favor of growth. Since even the richest country has limited resources, the central economic problem is choice: Shall we fun
19、d tax cuts for the rich or investment in infrastructure and research and development, war in Iraq or assistance for the poor in developing countries and our own? By providing more total resources, growth should, in theory, make these choices less painful.The United States, however, has powerfully de
20、monstrated that while growth increases supply, it also raises aspirations. Choices that rich countries have to make thus seem to be no easier than those confronting poor countries, even though the tradeoffs are more heart-wrenching in the case of the poor. Brazil, for example, must choose whether to
21、 use its limited health budget to pay full-market price for AIDS drugs; some AIDS victims may live as a result, but people in need of other health care will die, because money that could have been spent on their needs is simply not there. More growth-provided resources, in this instance, mean the di
22、fference between life and death.Still, growth has had its critics. There is a well-developed populist antigrowth literature concerned with, among other things, the impact of growth on the environment and on poverty. Historically, economists have questioned whether, at least in the early stages of de
23、velopment, growth is accompanied by societal goods such as greater equality and a better environment. Nobel Prize-winning economist Simon Kuznets(西蒙.库兹列茨)argued, based on experiences largely before World War II, that there is an increase in inequality in the early stages of development. Arthur Lewis
24、, another Nobel economist, went further: greater inequality, he argued, is necessary to generate the savings that growth requires. A later generation of economists has posited the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve: the early stages of growth cause environmental degradation, not environment
25、al health.5 Nor is inflation confined to food any longer: producer prices are creeping up. The PPI for manufactured goods was up 3. 2 percent in Octobermany steel products rose by more than 10 percentand the PPI is likely to go even higher when the recent 10 percent hike in the controlled pump price
26、 of diesel feeds through. Given the likelihood that more state-controlled prices will have to rise, and given that the official inflation data do not properly capture important prices, such as the cost of education, the real situation may be even worse.That is a worry for the rest of the world, used
27、 to enjoying the “ China price“ , a seemingly open-ended deflationary pressure on the world economy. The surge in Chinese inflation since June has barely fed through into export prices yetbut it will. China s currency has also been gently appreciating , but so far improvements in productivity have m
28、eant that Chinese manufacturers have not needed to raise export prices. If currency appreciation speeds up, that will change.The Renminbi may have to rise faster because the tools that China is using to tackle inflation have not worked. Bank reserve requirements were hiked again over the weekend, to
29、 13. 5 percent, but the strain on the banking sector s profitability will start to tell. Interest rates have risen repeatedly , but with CPI inflation above 6 percent, and benchmark lending rates only slightly higher, real interest rates are low.There must now be a low, but non-zero, probability tha
30、t China opts for a one-off revaluation of the Renminbi in order to ease its domestic monetary problems. That would be the right move. The adjustment would be easier both for China and for the rest of the world if the Renminbi had not been kept so low for so long. But the pain of unwinding global imb
31、alances will only get worse the longer they are left.6 In these times when market forces appear increasingly complicated and more volatile, it is all the more important to understand the professional jargon and terminology in the market place in order to be able to better make our investment and bus
32、iness decisions. Understanding key-economic indicators will assist in the decision making process, providing a snapshot of the current situation and an insight into the future.Each economic indicator tells us something about the economy or inflation. Gross Domestic Product(GDP)is probably the most i
33、mportant report as it is the whole framework where other economic indicators fall under. Using the textbook formula where Gross National Product = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Exports - Imports, some of the indicators will fall into the above-mentioned category e. g. retail sales
34、 figures will fall under consumption, construction spending under investment, to name a few.There are also indicators that are broader that tell us about the economy itself rather than the component, e. g. employment figures, leading indicators, money supply figures(M3). Inflation figures, Produce P
35、rice Index(PPI)and the Consumer Price Index(CPI)will, in short, inform us of the changes in wholesale prices, cost of consumer(retail)goods and services respectively.An indicator that is useful must be accurate, timely and reliable. It depends entirely on the integrity of the national statistical sy
36、stem responsible. It is vital to know the accurate components of an indicator. We have to be mindful of the limitation of these statistical figures too.Some indicators can be historic or extremely volatile, and therefore their value are reduced. It is better to compare the most recent data with earl
37、ier months, or take a moving average for the past 3, 6 or 12 months to smooth the data. It will tell us if there has been a significant change in trend and whether a new direction is under way.7 The Internet alone does not make up the New Economy though it is an integral part of it. A-merican Presid
38、ent Bill Clinton has defined the New Economy as “ an economy that s fuelled by technology, driven by entrepreneurship and innovations.Technology, entrepreneurship and innovations are keywords that sum up the new era.The Internet is not just a technology, it is also about marketing. Companies which d
39、o not use the Net as a marketing tool will lose their competitiveness.The function of information technology in marketing is more than just receiving orders on the Net. The Net offers a means of attracting clients by providing them information, something not possible in the past. It has changed the
40、way of service and is more efficient and more capable of providing comprehensive customer service.The Net has revolutionised the way companies are run. Electronic mail, for instance, has improved management efficiency tremendously. The traditional telephone conversations and face-to-face contacts co
41、uld be easily interrupted and were inefficient. Now you need perhaps to spend just a couple of hours on e-mailing. Besides, it is now much easier to gather information to help make the right decision.The New Economy has also led to the mushrooming of IT or Internet -related firms as though the mere
42、setting up of such a company is a guarantee of high profits. This means businesses must have good human resource management practices so as not to lose talented employees.There are two ways to do this. First, an atmosphere that encourages innovations must be created. Employees should not be penalise
43、d for new ideas that fail but must be rewarded for those that work.Besides, workers must be made to feel that they can enjoy resonable benefits. When I first returned to Taiwan 15 years ago, there was a gulf between bosses and workers who were unable to move beyond drawing a fixed salary.8 American
44、urbanization went forward in the same climate of the unexpected that has characterized urbanization everywhere. Townsmen, home builders, immigrants, businesses, and governments have made their way in a setting of constant change. They have dwelt in a space they could never know or predict. The settl
45、ement , the building and rebuilding, the economy and the governance of American cities thus takes the shape of a history of peoples who brought commonly accepted knowledge and traditions to a situation that demanded continuing adaptation and change.Today the United States is a thoroughly urbanized n
46、ation. Only 3. 4 percent of the population still farms, and everyone else, regardless of the size of the settlement, is employed in urban-type jobs. Yet for all the novelty of the present situation, survivals of past stages of American urbanization continues as active tensions within the new totally
47、 urbanized setting.The racial conflicts between whites and blacks, devolving from the seventeenth century enslavement of Africans, grind on. Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century conflicts among farmers, village merchants, city brokers, and bankers go forward in the politics of governments
48、-subsidized agriculture and government-managed banking. The rivalries among developers, contractors, and cities that characterized the building of nineteenth century canals and railroads reappear in the politics of interstate highways, airplanes, and telecommunications. The specialized city district
49、s that first took shape in the nineteenth century now have been magnified a thousand times into the giant mosaics of metropolitan suburbs, industrial and office parks, shopping centers, and resort and retirement settlements. The community-destroying tensions of relative poverty amidst great wealth first appeared with urban boom of the early nineteenth century. At that time these tensions found their characteristic outlets in workers unions. Now riches and poverty are separated into distant enclaves within vast metropolitan regions, and class conflicts appear in the riva
