1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 9 及答案与解析英译汉1 Unemployment in America is high, and elections are on the horizon. It must be time to look east again for scapegoats. Japan is only starting to recover from its protracted recession, so China will be handed the role of economic villain in the coming U. S. election cycle
2、. Expect to hear a chorus of presidential candidates blame unfair Chinese competition for America s manufacturing woes.China s trading partners do have legitimate grievances, but it would be irresponsible and inaccurate for American politicians to pin the United States economic sluggishness on schem
3、ing culprits in Beijing. Traveling in Asia in October, Treasury Secretary John Snow heeded political pressures back home in exhorting Chinese leaders to let the market price their currency. This is a desirable outcome in the long run, but a raft of immediate caveats come to mind.China s financial sy
4、stem remains fragile, and sudden currency volatility could lead to a banking crisis that could sell disaster for the world economy. Washington would do better to urge China s leaders to focus on their lack of preparation to assume their proper role in the world s financial order, rather than to dema
5、nd any supposedly quick fix. Moreover, China s refusal to devalue its currency in the aftermath of the late 1990 s crises in East Asiamuch appreciated by its neighbors and Washington at a time when the yuan seemed overvaluedadds credence to Beijing s insistence that it prizes stability when it comes
6、 to exchange rates, not short-term advantage. With most economists concerned that China s robust growth could fuel inflation and a speculative bubble, there are valid reasons for Beijing to fear a surging currency.2 Economists have long been a natural constituency in favor of growth. Since even the
7、richest country has limited resources, the central economic problem is choice; Shall we fund tax cuts for the rich or investment in infrastructure and research and development, war in Iraq or assistance for the poor in developing countries and our own? By providing more total resources, growth shoul
8、d, in theory, make these choices less painful.The United States, however, has powerfully demonstrated that while growth increases supply, it also raises aspirations. Choices that rich countries have to make thus seem to be no easier than those confronting poor countries, even though the tradeoffs ar
9、e more heart-wrenching in the case of the poor. Brazil, for example, must choose whether to use its limited health budget to pay full-market price for AIDS drugs; some AIDS victims may live as a result, but people in need of other health care will die, because money that could have been spent on the
10、ir needs is simply not there. More growth-provided resources, in this instance, mean the difference between life and death.Still, growth has had its critics. There is a well-developed populist antigrowth literature concerned with, among other things, the impact of growth on the environment and on po
11、verty. Historically, economists have questioned whether, at least in the early stages of development, growth is accompanied by societal goods such as greater equality and a better environment. Nobel Prize-winning economist Simon Kuznets (西蒙-库兹列茨) argued, based on experiences largely before World War
12、 II, that there is an increase in inequality in the early stages of development. Arthur Lewis, another Nobel economist, went further: greater inequality, he argued, is necessary to generate the savings that growth requires. A later generation of economists has posited the existence of an environment
13、al Kuznets curve: the early stages of growth cause environmental degradation, not environmental health.3 Nor is inflation confined to food any longer: producer prices are creeping up. The PPI for manufactured goods was up 3. 2 percent in Octobermany steel products rose by more than 10 percentand the
14、 PPI is likely to go even higher when the recent 10 percent hike in the controlled pump price of diesel feeds through. Given the likelihood that more state-controlled prices will have to rise, and given that the official inflation data do not properly capture important prices, such as the cost of ed
15、ucation, the real situation may be even worse.That is a worry for the rest of the world, used to enjoying the “ China price“ , a seemingly open-ended deflationary pressure on the world economy. The surge in Chinese inflation since June has barely fed through into export prices yetbut it will. China
16、s currency has also been gently appreciating , but so far improvements in productivity have meant that Chinese manufacturers have not needed to raise export prices. If currency appreciation speeds up, that will change.The Renminbi may have to rise faster because the tools that China is using to tack
17、le inflation have not worked. Bank reserve requirements were hiked again over the weekend, to 13. 5 percent, but the strain on the banking sector s profitability will start to tell. Interest rates have risen repeatedly , but with CPI inflation above 6 percent, and benchmark lending rates only slight
18、ly higher, real interest rates are low.There must now be a low, but non-zero, probability that China opts for a one-off revaluation of the Renminbi in order to ease its domestic monetary problems. That would be the right move. The adjustment would be easier both for China and for the rest of the wor
19、ld if the Renminbi had not been kept so low for so long. But the pain of unwinding global imbalances will only get worse the longer they are left.4 In these times when market forces appear increasingly complicated and more volatile, it is all the more important to understand the professional jargon
20、and terminology in the market place in order to be able to better make our investment and business decisions. Understanding key-economic indicators will assist in the decision making process, providing a snapshot of the current situation and an insight into the future.Each economic indicator tells u
21、s something about the economy or inflation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is probably the most important report as it is the whole framework where other economic indicators fall under. Using the textbook formula where Gross National Product = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Exports -
22、 Imports, some of the indicators will fall into the above-mentioned category e. g. retail sales figures will fall under consumption, construction spending under investment, to name a few.There are also indicators that are broader that tell us about the economy itself rather than the component, e. g.
23、 employment figures, leading indicators, money supply figures ( M3 ). Inflation figures, Produce Price Index ( PPI) and the Consumer Price Index ( CPI) will, in short, inform us of the changes in wholesale prices, cost of consumer ( retail) goods and services respectively.An indicator that is useful
24、 must be accurate, timely and reliable. It depends entirely on the integrity of the national statistical system responsible. It is vital to know the accurate components of an indicator. We have to be mindful of the limitation of these statistical figures too.Some indicators can be historic or extrem
25、ely volatile, and therefore their value are reduced. It is better to compare the most recent data with earlier months, or take a moving average for the past 3, 6 or 12 months to smooth the data. It will tell us if there has been a significant change in trend and whether a new direction is under way.
26、5 The Internet alone does not make up the New Economy though it is an integral part of it. American President Bill Clinton has defined the New Economy as “ an economy that s fuelled by technology, driven by entrepreneurship and innovations. “Technology, entrepreneurship and innovations are keywords
27、that sum up the new era.The Internet is not just a technology, it is also about marketing. Companies which do not use the Net as a marketing tool will lose their competitiveness.The function of information technology in marketing is more than just receiving orders on the Net. The Net offers a means
28、of attracting clients by providing them information, something not possible in the past. It has changed the way of service and is more efficient and more capable of providing comprehensive customer service.The Net has revolutionised the way companies are run. Electronic mail, for instance, has impro
29、ved management efficiency tremendously. The traditional telephone conversations and face-to-face contacts could be easily interrupted and were inefficient. Now you need perhaps to spend just a couple of hours on e-mailing. Besides, it is now much easier to gather information to help make the right d
30、ecision.The New Economy has also led to the mushrooming of IT or Internet -related firms as though the mere setting up of such a company is a guarantee of high profits. This means businesses must have good human resource management practices so as not to lose talented employees.There are two ways to
31、 do this. First, an atmosphere that encourages innovations must be created. Employees should not be penalised for new ideas that fail but must be rewarded for those that work.Besides, workers must be made to feel that they can enjoy resonable benefits. When I first returned to Taiwan 15 years ago, t
32、here was a gulf between bosses and workers who were unable to move beyond drawing a fixed salary.英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 9 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 目前美国的失业率居高不下，而总统选举即将到来。现在到东半球去找替罪羊正是时候。日本经历了长期的经济衰退才刚开始恢复，所以在即将到来的美国大选中，中国将被迫扮演经济上的反面角色。想必肯定能听到总统候选人们异口同声地将美国制造业面临的困境归罪于中国的不公平竞争。中国的贸易伙伴觉得吃亏是可以理解的，但是美国政客将美国经济萧条归罪于北京的诡
33、计多端，那是不负责任的也是不对的。十月，财政部长约翰?斯诺在亚洲访问时，鉴于美国国内的政治压力，敦促中国领导人让市场来决定人民币的价格。长期来看，人民币价格能自由浮动当然是最理想的结果，然而要留心许多其他迫在眉睫的问题。中国的金融体系仍比较脆弱，如果一下子让货币自由波动，会导致银行业危机，将给整个世界经济带来一场灾难。美国政府应促使中国领导人意识到中国要在世界金融体系中发挥应有的作用还缺乏必要的准备工作，而不应该要求中国立刻采取所谓的应急措施。此外，20 世纪 90 年代后期东亚金融危机发生之后，中国坚决不让人民币贬值，而当时人民币价格似乎已经被高估了，中国因此深受其邻国和美国的褒扬。这让人更
34、加相信北京在外汇问题上一贯看重的是稳定而并非短期利益。大多数经济学家都担心中国发展太快可能会导致通货膨胀和投机行为，因此北京害怕人民币急剧升值是完全有理由的。【知识模块】 英译汉2 【正确答案】 长久以来，经济学家支持经济增长似乎是自然而然的。即使是最发达国家，拥有的资源也有限，因此，核心经济问题是如何选择。是减少税收、维护富裕阶层的利益，还是将税收投资于基础设施以及各项研究与发展?是参加伊拉克战争还是帮助发展中国家及本国贫困人口摆脱贫困?经济增长能增加资源总量，因此从理论上讲，它应该使国家在做以上选择时有更大余地。然而，美国的情况却清楚地表明，在经济增长、资源总量更丰富的同时，国家希望实现的
35、目标也越多。发达国家做选择时，似乎并不比那些面对贫困的国家更为容易，虽然后者在贸易上处于弱势。例如，巴西在安排健康预算时必须做出选择，是否应该把有限的预算投入到艾滋病患者的治疗上。一些艾滋病患者可能会因此活下来，但其他需要健康护理的病人却可能死去，因为原本应该花在他们身上的预算却花在艾滋病患者身上。在这种情况下，经济增长意味着生或死。当然，也有人对经济增长的作用提出质疑。经济增长对众多事物，诸如对环境和贫困的影响，已遭到不少平民论者充分的研究和批判。从历史角度看，经济学家怀疑，经济的增长，至少在经济发展早期，是否会给社会带来福利，例如更多公平、优越的环境。诺贝尔经济学奖获得者西蒙?库兹列茨曾分
36、析，根据以往(主要是二战以前)的经验，在经济发展早期，社会的不公平现象有所增加。另一位诺贝尔经济学奖得主阿瑟? 刘易斯进一步得出结论：社会的不公平是经济增长所需原始积累的产生条件。以后的经济学家则证实了“环境库兹涅茨曲线” 的存在：早期的经济增长会导致环境恶化，而不是环境优化。【知识模块】 英译汉3 【正确答案】 通货膨胀不再仅限于食品，生产者物价正不断攀升。制成品的出厂价格(PPI)10 月份上升 32(许多钢铁产品升逾 10)。当近来政府控制下的燃油价格上涨 10的影响蔓延开来，生产者物价指数可能会升至更高水平。鉴于更多政府控制价格有可能不得不上调，同时官方通胀数据没有恰当地计入教育成本等
37、重要价格，实际情况可能更糟。对享受“中国价格 ”的世界其他地区来说，这是令人担忧之事。“中国价格”似乎能给世界经济带来无穷的通缩压力。自今年 6 月以来中国通胀的飙升，迄今尚未反映到出口价格上，但这是迟早的事。人民币汇率也在一直缓慢地升值，但迄今生产率的提高，意味着中国制造商尚无须提高出口价格。如果人民币加速升值，这种情况将会改变。由于中国用来抑制通货膨胀的工具未能奏效，人民币升值速度可能必须要加快。上周末，(中国央行) 再度上调银行存款准备金率至 135，这对银行业盈利能力造成的压力将开始显现。中国已多次加息，但由于消费者价格指数(CPI) 在 6以上，而基准贷款利率只是稍高一些，因此实际利
38、率仍处于较低水平。目前，中国可能选择实行人民币汇率一次性升值、以此缓解国内货币问题，这种可能性肯定很小，但并非完全不可能。这将是个正确的做法。如果不是由于人民币汇率在如此长的时间内、保持在如此低的水平上，那么中国和世界上其他国家都会更容易做出调整。可是，日益加剧的全球失衡持续的时间越长，所带来的痛苦只会越大。【知识模块】 英译汉4 【正确答案】 在目前这种时期，市场越来越变幻莫测、动荡不定，要做出明智的商业投资决策，理解市场相关的专业术语变得尤为重要。主要经济指标传达的信息包括当前的经济状况以及未来可能出现的情况，能协助制定投资和商业决策。每个经济指标都能给我们一些有关经济状况或通货膨胀的信息
39、，其中应以国内生产总值(GDP)最为重要。与其他的经济指标不同，它反映的是整个经济体系。经济学教材中，GDP 的计算公式是：GDP= 消费+ 投资+政府开支+出口一进口。一些经济指标都包含在上述的方程式中，如零售销售数字包括在消费、建筑开支属投资部分等。除此之外，还有一些能反映整个经济状况而非各部门状况的更广泛的经济指标，如就业数字、领先指标和货币供应(M3)等。至于通胀数据，生产物价指数和消费物价指数，简言之，则分别让我们知道物品批发以及服务和零售消费价格的变动。经济指标必须准确、及时和可靠。这完全依赖于相关国家统计系统是否完善。了解有关指标包含哪些方面也非常重要。另外，我们也应知道统计数字
40、有局限性。有些指标可能过时或是波动剧烈，降低了它们的有效性。因此，比较妥当的做法是把最新数据与之前几个月份进行比较，或是取过去 3 个月、6 个月或 12 个月的平均波动数。我们将由此知道经济趋势是否发生显著改变或者新的发展趋势是否正在到来。【知识模块】 英译汉5 【正确答案】 在新经济之中，互联网只是其中的重要部分，却不是全部。克林顿总统对新经济的定义是：“新经济是以科技为燃料，以积极进取和不断创新精神为动力的经济” 。新科技，进取精神和创新这三点很能够代表这个时代。互联网不仅是科技，更是行销。任何公司如果不以互联网做为行销的工具，就会变得不具竞争力。资讯科技的功能绝不只是在网路上接获订单而
41、已，它是一个招来顾客的橱窗。有了互联网科技，我们可以提供资讯给顾客，这是以前没有的机会。所以互联网不但使服务方式改观，而且更有效率、更能达成全面性的服务。互联网对企业经营也是一种革命。拿电子邮件来说，现在和没有电子邮件的时代是完全两样。传统的电话或面对面连络，太干扰，也没效率。现在电子邮件不会干扰，你可能花两小时收发电子邮件就够了，这会大大提高管理绩效。以前要找资讯很难，现在很容易，比较容易做正确的决定。新经济的另一个改变，我想就是很多跟互联网或高科技有关的新公司风起云涌。好像只要成立一家公司，高获利率的前景就指日可待。因此企业要有更好的人力资源管理以避免人才流失。解决这种问题的方法主要有两个：第一，形成一种鼓励创新的气氛。员工在工作上创新如果失败了，不会受到惩罚，如果创新成功，一定要有奖励。第二，要让员工觉得在公司工作，能得到相当不错的获益。15 年以前我刚回台湾的时候，在老板和伙计之间，有一个鸿沟，做伙计的好像永远都出不了头，领着固定薪水。【知识模块】 英译汉
