1、2009 年 3 月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷（无答案）一、Structure and Vocabulary1 Drink coffee when youre sleepy; its a good _ and will help to keep you awake.（A）incentive（B） prompt（C） stimulus（D）appetite2 Nearly 1,000 people are presumed dead as chances_of finding more survivors from the sunken Egyptian ferry.（A）bubble（B） d
2、windle（C） sway（D）shiver3 The only way he escaped from the bitter reality was to lose himself in a movie, allowing his imagination to_, viewing himself as a character in it.（A）take up（B） take on（C） take off（D）take over4 The market for non-food GE products could exceed the market for GE food products
3、by a wide_within the next few years.（A）variety（B） margin（C） range（D）spectrum5 Newspapers and magazines carry extensive_of diet and health topics and diet books are among the best sellers.（A）sketch（B） concern（C） coverage（D）involvement6 That war robbed him of the_of his career, when he was the best pl
4、ayer in the world.（A）prejudice（B） preference（C） privilege（D）prime7 All sorts of technology have_to make the new medical systems applied in rural areas efficient and effective.（A）come into play（B） come into conflict（C） taken action（D）taken place8 If a guest wants to tip the housekeeping staff,its bes
5、t to leave a little something in an envelope each night instead of a larger amount_checkout.（A）due to（B） owing to（C） prior to（D）as to9 The lawyer_his ideas loudly and clearly at the court, which surprised her a great deal.（A）acclaimed（B） admonished（C） addressed（D）asserted10 The world leaders need to
6、 take action on the energy crisis that is_before our eyes.（A）taking shape（B） taking effect（C） taking apart（D）taking over11 Steve Ells has never _ advice he couldnt ignore, conventional wisdom he couldnt disregard, a rule he couldnt break.（A）come across（B） come up to（C） come up against（D）come around1
7、2 He writes in a very_manner; therere many mistakes almost in every page.（A）illegible（B） illiterate（C） irregular（D）irreversible13 She could have cried, but she had no time to dwell_her disappointment, for suddenly a harsh voice hailed her from below.（A）on（B） at（C） in（D）for14 _ inflation, driven by r
8、ising food and oil costs, is striking hardest at the worlds poorest, who are forced to spend 60 to 80 percent of their income on food.（A）Sprouting（B） Surging（C） Spilling（D）Spinning15 She makes no_of their affair in public and he understands that he is not to refer to it with these new acquaintances.
9、（A）concealment（B） compliment（C） amendment（D）acknowledgement16 Marks posture and attitude_ boredom when the teacher was giving his instructions.（A）transmitted（B） delivered（C） endowed（D）implied17 John occasionally_a great deal of pleasure from taking long trips by himself.（A）deviated（B） aroused（C） abs
10、orbed（D）derived18 Wealthy nations have fallen far behind on their aid_to the worlds poor.（A）commitments（B） engagements（C） responsibilities（D）applications19 Even at 87, Johns mother-in-law has_her physical energy and youthful attitude.（A）resolved（B） retained（C） retarded（D）restrained20 Nowhere in natu
11、re is aluminum found free, _ its always being combined with elements, most commonly with oxygen.（A）referring to（B） except for（C） regardless of（D）owing to二、Cloze20 Attitudes of respect, modesty and fair play can grow only out of slowly acquired skills that parents teach their children over many years
12、 through shared experience and memory. If a child reaches adulthood【C1】_recollections only of television, little league and birthday parties, then that child has little to【C2】_when a true test of character comes upsay, in a (n) 【C3】_business situation. “【C4】_that child feels grounded in who he is an
13、d where he comes from, 【C5】_else is an act,“ says etiquette expert Betty Jo Trakimas.The Dickmeyers of Carmel, Indiana, 【C6】_every Friday night as “family night“ with their three children. Often the family plays board games or hide-and-seek. “My children love it,“ says Theresa, their mother.Can play
14、ing hide-and-seek really teach a child about manners? Yes, says Trakimas and【C7】_, because it tells the child that his parents【C8】_enough to spend time with him, he is loved and can learn to love others. “Manners arent about using the【C9】_fork,“ Trakimas adds, “manners are about being kindgiving【C10
15、 】_, team-playing , making tiny sacrifices. Children learn that【C11】_their parents. “While children arent【C12】_warm, to the idea of learning to be polite, theres no reason for them to see manners as a bunch of dreary【C13】_either. Theyre the building blocks of a childs education. “【C14】_a rule become
16、s second nature, it frees us,“ Trakimas says. How well could Tiger Woods play golf if he had to keep【C15】_himself of the rules?21 【C1 】（A）in（B） with（C） as（D）to22 【C2 】（A）draw on（B） learn from（C） refer to（D）think of23 【C3 】（A）confusing（B） catching（C） irritating（D）inviting24 【C4 】（A）Because（B） When（C）
17、 While（D）Unless25 【C5 】（A）everything（B） anything（C） something（D）nothing26 【C6 】（A）receive（B） reserve（C） recognize（D）recreate27 【C7 】（A）the other one（B） others（C） another one（D）all28 【C8 】（A）care（B） try（C） strive（D）wish29 【C9 】（A）favorite（B） silver（C） right（D）clean30 【C10 】（A）instructions（B） complime
18、nts（C） directions（D）supports31 【C11 】（A）on（B） by（C） with（D）through32 【C12 】（A）automatically（B） determinedly（C） insistently（D）willingly33 【C13 】（A）descriptions（B） criticisms（C） restrictions（D）subjects34 【C14 】（A）Since（B） Although（C） Once（D）Even35 【C15 】（A）reminding（B） refreshing（C） remembering（D）reca
19、lling三、Reading Comprehension35 Culture is transmitted largely by language and by the necessity for people in close contact to cooperate. The more extensive the communications network, the greater the exchange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people becomein toleration of diversity if nothing
20、else. Members of a culture or a nation are generally in closer contact with one another than with members of other cultures or nations. They become more like each other and more unlike others. In this way, there develops “national character,“ which is the statistical tendency for a group of people t
21、o share values and follow similar behavior patterns.Frequently, the members of one culture will interpret the “national characteristics“ of another group in terms of their own values. For example, the inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered “ lazy“ by citizens of some industrialized
22、nations. On the other hand, it may be that the islanders place a great value on social relationships but little value on “productivity,“ and crops grow with little attention. The negative connotation of the label “lazy“ is thus unjustified from the point of view of the island culture.Stereotypes, su
23、ch as “lazy“, “inscrutable,“ and “dishonest“ give people the security of labels with which to react to others in a superficial way, but they are damaging to real understanding among members of different cultures. People react more to labels than to reality. A black American Peace Corps volunteer, fo
24、r instance, is considered and called a white man by black Africans. The “we-they“ distinction applies to whatever characteristic the “wes“ have and the “theys“ do not haveand the characteristics attributed to the “theys“ are usually ones with a negative value.The distinction becomes most obvious in
25、times of conflict. For this reason, it is often suggested the only thing that might join all men together on this planet would be an invasion from outer space. “We,“ the earthlings, would then fight “them,“ the outsiders.Given the great diversitiesreal and imaginedamong people of the world, is there
26、 any foundation for hope that someday all men might join together to form a single and legitimate world government? The outcome will probably depend on the political evolution of mankind.36 What makes people more tolerant of diversity between different groups?（A）Extensive communications.（B） Language
27、 development.（C） Close cooperation.（D）Direct interactions.37 “National character“ is built among people who_.（A）like each other（B） share their values（C） speak the same language（D）think in the same way38 To some industrialized nations, the mentioned South Pacific islanders are_.（A）well-organized（B） i
28、nefficient（C） carefree（D）idle39 With stereotypes, people tend to_.（A）react to each other on a regular basis（B） describe other cultures with labels（C） take their own culture as the best of all（D）see different cultures in different ways40 What is true about the black American Peace Corps volunteer?（A）
29、He was wronged by his fellow African Americans.（B） He was considered against by the whites.（C） He was discriminated against by the whites.（D）He was excluded from the black Africans.41 It is possible to form a single and legitimate world government only when_.（A）people of different nations hold simil
30、ar political views（B） human beings as a whole have one common enemy（C） people are willing to abandon their “national character“（D）human beings are able to contact beings in outer space41 In Second Nature, Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, b
31、ut he has little patience with the claim that the brain is a computer. Fortunately for the general reader, his explanations of brain function are accessible, reinforced by concrete examples and metaphors.Edelman suggests that thanks to the recent development of instruments capable of measuring brain
32、 structure within millimeters and brain activity within milliseconds, perceptions, thoughts, memories, willed acts, and other mind matters traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientific scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity. Our consciousness ( a “first-person affair“ d
33、isplaying intentionality, reflecting beliefs and desires, etc. ), our creativity, even our value systems, have a basis in brain function.The author describes three unifying insights that correlate mind matters with brain activity. First, even distant neurons will establish meaningful connections (ci
34、rcuits) if their patterns are synchronized. Second, experience can either strengthen or weaken synapses (neuronal connections) . Finally, there is reentry, the continued signaling from one brain region to another and back again along massively parallel nerve fibers.Edelman concedes that neurological
35、 explanations for consciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon. Meanwhile, he is comfortable hazarding a guess: “All of our mental life.is based on the structure and dynamics of our brain. “ Despite this optimism about the explanator
36、y powers of neuro-science, Edelman acknowledges the pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of the mind in neurological terms. Indeed, culturenot biologyis the primary determinant of the brains evolution, and has been since the emergence of language, he notes.However, I was surprised to learn
37、that he considers Sigmund Freud as “the key expositor of the effects of unconscious processes on behavior. “ Such a comment ignores how slightly Freuds conception of the unconscious, with its emphasis on sexuality and aggression, resembles the cognitive unconscious studied by neuroscientists.Still,
38、Second Nature is well worth reading. It serves as a bridge between the traditionally separate camps of “hard“ science and the humanities. Readers without at least some familiarity with brain science will likely find the going difficult at certain points. Nonetheless, Edelman has achieved his goal of
39、 producing a provocative exploration of “how we come to know the world and ourselves. “42 Gerald Edelman would probably support the idea that_.（A）the brain co-functions with the mind（B） the brain works like a computer（C） the brain has an accessible function（D）the brain sends signals to the mind43 It
40、 was previously considered that perceptions and other mind matters could hardly be_.（A）treated as a significant issue（B） studied with scientific methods（C） separated from brain activity（D）handled with surgical instruments44 Edelman firmly believes that_.（A）mind matters will eventually be explained f
41、rom a neurological perspective（B） experience will have an ill effect on neuronal connections（C） distant neurons will help synchronize their firing pattern（D）brain signals will repeatedly go from one brain region to another45 According to Edelman, to provide a thorough explanation of the human mind,
42、neu-roscience will be_.（A）reliable（B） responsible（C） impractical（D）insufficient46 The author disagrees with the idea that the neuroscience-based cognitive unconscious can be_.（A）studied irrelevantly to sexual behavior（B） affected by the language acquisition（C） clearly explained by Freuds theory（D）ex
43、amined under cultural backgrounds47 According to the author, Second Nature is a good book because_.（A）it appeals to the reader to study bioscience（B） it sets reader probing into human cognition（C） it interests the reader in spiritual activities（D）it presents the advancement of natural science47 If g
44、ender conflicts continue at their current rate, my partner gloomily observed, men may fade into extinction and women will manage fine without them. What with test-tube babies, cloning, a falling birth-rate, and have-it-all career women prevailing like never before, it seems as if old-fashioned, inst
45、inct-driven sexual selection was totally out of fashion. But a study from four British universities suggests it is alive and well, and busy shaping the next generation.In spite of emancipation, the feminist movement, gender equality, and consistent efforts to avoid gender-stereotyping, men still pre
46、fer to marry women who are not too brainy. In the study a high IQ hampered a womans chance of getting married, with a 40 percent drop in marital prospects for every 16-point rise. The opposite was true for their male class-mates. Top-earning men were 8 per cent more likely to be married than their l
47、ow-earning peers.How interesting that we automatically assume that men are put off by cleverness in women. Perhaps the brainy women did not want to get married. Possibly they could not find men clever enough to satisfy them. But these interpretations hardly merit more than a passing thought because
48、this study simply reinforces what we know to be broadly true: that most women do want a committed partner and that most stable marriages occur in a power relation, with the man being the center.We usually think of competitiveness as a male activity, and so it is mainly, which is all the more reason
49、for it causing stress in a marriage. Our ancestry certainly included a long phase when the males competed for the alpha role, in which the top male took all the advantages and most of the group matings. Most men nurse secret dreams of being “benign“ dictators. No man likes his wife to earn more than he does. We see how fragile are the mar
