1、大学英语四级模拟试卷 11（无答案）一、Part I Writing (30 minutes)1 For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic The Increase in the Number of Chinese Traveling Abroad. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the information given bellow.1. State the changes in
2、 the number of Chinese traveling abroad in the past three years.2 Give possible reasons for the changes.全国出境旅游人数(单位：百万)2001 年 2003 年 2005 年12.1 19.6 31二、Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly
3、 and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, mark：Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.2 Wh
4、y the workforce is importantPicture of the global workforceBased on new analyses of national censuses, labour surveys and statistical sources, WHO estimates there to be a total of 59.2 million full-time paid health workers worldwide. These workers are in health enterprises whose primary role is to i
5、mprove health(such as health programmes operated by government or nongovernmental organizations) plus additional health workers in non-health organizations(such as nurses staffing a company or school clinic). Health service providers constitute about two thirds of the global health workforce, while
6、the remaining third is composed of health management and support workers.Workers are not just individuals but are integral parts of functioning health teams in which each member contributes different skills and performs different functions. Countries demonstrate enormous diversity in the skill mix o
7、f health teams. The ratio of nurses to doctors ranges from nearly 8:1 in the African Region to 1.5:1 in the Western Pacific Region. Among countries, there are approximately four nurses per doctor in Canada and the United States of America, while Chile, Peru, El Salvador and Mexico have fewer than on
8、e nurse per doctor. The spectrum of essential worker competencies is characterized by imbalances as seen, for example, in the dire(可怕的) shortage of public health specialists and health care managers in many countries. Typically, more than 70% of doctors are male while more than 70% of nurses are fem
9、ale a marked gender imbalance. About two thirds of the workers are in the public sector and one third in the private sector.Driving forces: past and futureWorkers in health systems around the world are experiencing increasing stress and insecurity as they react to a complex array of forces some old,
10、 some new. Demographic(人口统计学的)and epidemiological transitions drive changes in population-based health threats to which the workforce must respond. Financing policies, technological advances and consumer expectations can dramatically shift demands on the workforce in health systems. Workers seek opp
11、ortunities and job security in dynamic health labour markets that are part of the global political economy.The spreading HIV/AIDS epidemic imposes huge work burdens, risks and threats. In many countries, health sector reform under structural adjustment capped public sector employment and limited inv
12、estment in health worker education, thus drying up the supply of young graduates. Expanding labour markets have intensified professional concentration in urban areas and accelerated international migration from the poorest to the wealthiest countries. The consequent workforce crisis in many of the p
13、oorest countries is characterized by severe shortages, inappropriate skill mixes, and gaps in service coverage.WHO has identified a threshold in workforce density below which high coverage of essential interventions, including those necessary to meet the health-related Millennium Development Goals(M
14、DGs), is very unlikely. Based on these estimates, there are currently 57 countries with critical shortages equivalent to a global deficit of 2.4 million doctors, nurses and midwives. The proportional shortfalls axe greatest in sub-Sabaran Africa, although numerical deficits are very large in South -
15、East Asia because of its population size. Paradoxically, these insufficiencies often coexist in a country with large numbers of unemployed health professionals. Poverty, imperfect private labour markets, lack of public funds, bureaucratic red tape and political interference produce this paradox of s
16、hortages in the midst of underutilized talent.Skill mix and distributional imbalances compound todays problems. In many countries, the skills of limited yet expensive professionals are not well matched to the local profile of health needs. Critical skills in public health and health policy and manag
17、ement are often in deficit. Many workers face daunting working environments poverty-level wages, unsupportive management, insufficient social recognition, and weak career development. Almost all countries suffer from maldistribution characterized by urban concentration and rural deficits, but these
18、imbalances are perhaps most disturbing from a regional perspective. The WHO Region of the Americas, with 10% of the global burden of disease, has 37% of the worlds health workers spending more than 50% of the worlds health financing, whereas the African Region has 24% of the burden but only 3% of he
19、alth workers commanding less than 1% of world health expenditure. The exodus of skilled professionals in the midst of so much unmet health need places Africa at the epicentre of the global health workforce crisis.This crisis has the potential to deepen in the coming years. Demand for service provide
20、rs will escalate markedly in all countries rich and poor. Richer countries face a future of low fertility and large populations of elderly people, which will cause a shift towards chronic and degenerative diseases with high care demands. Technological advances and income growth will require a more s
21、pecialized workforce even as needs for basic care increase because of families declining capacity or willingness to care for their elderly members. Without massively increasing training of workers in this and other wealthy countries, these growing gaps will exert even greater pressure on the outflow
22、 of health workers from poorer regions.In poorer countries, large cohorts of young people(1 billion adolescents) will join an increasingly ageing population, both groups rapidly urbanizing. Many of these countries are dealing with unfinished agendas of infectious disease and the rapid emergence of c
23、hronic illness complicated by the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The availability of effective vaccines and drugs to cope with these health threats imposes huge practical and moral imperatives to respond effectively. The chasm is widening between what earl be done and what is happening on the g
24、round. Success in bridging this gap will be determined in large measure by how well the workforce is developed for effective health systems.These challenges, past and future, are well illustrated by considering how the workforce must be mobilized to address specific health challenges.The MDGs target
25、 the major poverty-linked diseases devastating poor populations, focusing on maternal and child health care and the control of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Countries that are experiencing the greatest difficulties in meeting the MDGs, many in sub-Saharan Africa, face absolute shortfalls in th
26、eir health workforce. Major challenges exist in bringing priority disease programmes into line with primary care provision, deploying workers equitably for universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, scaling up delegation to community workers, and creating public health, strategies for disease preventio
27、n.Chronic diseases, consisting of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancers, injuries, and neurological and psycho logical disorders, are major burdens affecting rich and poor populations alike. New paradigms of care are driving a shift from acute tertiary hospital care to patient-centred, home
28、-based and team-driven care requiring new skills, disciplinary collaboration and continuity of care as demonstrated by innovative approaches in Europe and North America. Risk reduction, moreover, depends on measures to protect the environment and the modification of lifestyle factors such as diet, s
29、moking and exercise through behaviour change.Health crises of epidemics, natural disasters and conflict are sudden, often unexpected, but invariably recurring. Meeting the challenges requires coordinated planning based on sound information, rapid mobilization of workers, command and control response
30、s, and intersectoral collaboration with nongovernmental organizations, the military, peacekeepers and the media. Specialized workforce capacities are needed for the surveillance of epidemics or for the reconstruction of societies torn apart by ethnic conflict. The quality of response, ultimately, de
31、pends upon workforce preparedness based on lo cal capacity backed by timely international support.These examples illustrate the enormous richness and diversity of the workforce needed to tackle specific health problems. The tasks and functions required are extraordinarily demanding, and each must be
32、 integrated into coherent national health systems. All of the problems necessitate efforts beyond the health sector. Effective strategies therefore require all relevant actors and organizations to work together.2 According to the report, there is a total of 59.2 million paid health workers worldwide
33、.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG3 The ratio of nurses to doctors is much higher in African Region than that in the Western Pacific Region.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG4 Latin American Regions ratio of nurses to doctors is lower than 1:1.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG5 Health workers are experiencing more and more stresses.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG6 It i
34、s because of HIV/AIDS that the supply of young graduates are drying up.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG7 It is quite possible that the health workers in America must involves some immigrants from Asia and Africa.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG8 African Region has spent more of world health expenditure because they has heavier burde
35、n of disease.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG9 Around the world, there is a _ of 2,400,000 million doctors, nurses and midwives.10 Maternal and child health care and the control of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria are some main devastating diseases which the MDGs are _.11 To meet the health crises of epidemics, na
36、tural disasters and conflict, we need joint efforts based on sound information, _ command and control responses, and intersectoral collaboration with nongovernmental organizations, the military, peacekeepers and the media.Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and
37、2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and deci
38、de which is the best answer.（A）The man tends to repeat himself a lot.（B） The room was fixed at the mans request.（C） She also finds it easier to work there now.（D）The man talks about working instead of doing it.（A）Bill doesnt take good care of knives.（B） This matter doesnt concern Bill.（C） He wants t
39、o find a better tool.（D）He wants Bill to fix the knife.（A）Theres going to be a wedding.（B） The people should learn that dance better.（C） Big dances are the most fun.（D）They need to print more invitations.（A）He will no longer ask for their help.（B） He will regret not accepting their help.（C） He still
40、 needs their help.（D）He has to manage without their help.（A）She is not feeling very well.（B） She is very ill.（C） She is annoyed with the doctor.（D）She is badly hurt.（A）Things to wear.（B） The warm weather.（C） Best material for making clothes.（D）A bright shirt.（A）Two weeks form now.（B） In about two da
41、ys.（C） He hasnt decided yet.（D）In four weeks.（A）Hes surprised she chose that agency.（B） He wonders why shes kept her job.（C） He doesnt know when her classes started.（D）He doubts she makes much money now.（A）There arent enough cabinets.（B） There is too much noise.（C） Office supplies take up too much s
42、pace.（D）Some teaching assistants dont have desks.（A）To chat with Simon socially.（B） To get help in the course.（C） To hand in their assignments.（D）To practise giving interviews.（A）Give Simon a different office.（B） Complain to the department head.（C） Move the supplies to the storage room.（D）Try to get
43、 a room to use for meetings.（A）Registration at a polytechnic.（B） The length of his stay in this country to be allowed.（C） The way to open a bank account in Britain.（D）The course he intends to have next year.（A）Six months.（B） Ten months.（C） One year.（D）One year and a half.（A）Either a passport or a dr
44、iving license.（B） Both a passport and a driving license.（C） A credit card.（D）A students identity card.（A）One of the students friends.（B） The students parents.（C） Either his employer or his university.（D）Both his employer and his university.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short
45、passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.（A）An Indian summer brings warm days and nights.（B） An Indian summer
46、occurs only in October.（C） An Indian summer is an annual phenomenon.（D）An Indian summer lasts many weeks.（A）The first period of cold, wintry days in autumn.（B） The turning of color and falling of leaves.（C） A large mass of warm tropical air carried northward.（D）The southwestern winds.（A）A short peri
47、od of fair weather and mild days.（B） No definite time of beginning or ending.（C） Its end, which signals winters start.（D）Soft yellow or orange skies.（A）Use of library facilities.（B） Library regulations.（C） Library personnel.（D）Location of the library.（A）Book publishers.（B） Librarians.（C） New univers
48、ity students.（D）Faculty members.（A）Graduate students.（B） Undergraduate students.（C） Professors.（D）Library employees.（A）Computers have become part of our daily lives.（B） Computers have disadvantages as well as advantages.（C） People have different attitudes to computers.（D）More and more families will
49、own computers.（A）Computers can bring financial problems.（B） Computers can bring unemployment.（C） Computers can be very useful in families.（D）Computerized robots can take over some unpleasant jobs.（A）Computers may change the life they have been accustomed to.（B） Spending too much time on computers may spoil peoples relationship.（C） Buying computers may cost a lot of money.（D）Computers may take over from human beings altogether.（A）Affectionate.（B） Disapproving.（C） Approving.（D）Neutral.Section CDirections: In
