1、大学英语四级模拟试卷 843（无答案）一、Part I Writing (30 minutes)1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Nationwide Shortage of Power Supply. You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 专家预测，自 2006 年下半年出现的全国范围内的电力短缺目前仍呈不断加剧态势2. 分析全国范
2、围内缺电现象的原因（可从发电设备过于陈旧、高耗能行业的过快发展等方面加以分析）3. 试提供缺电问题解决方案二、Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, mark：Y (for YES) if the stat
3、ement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.1 Turning Brownfields into GreenbacksInactive industrial sites are transforming into productive facili
4、ties.Brownfields are industrial sites whose future use is restricted because of real or perceived pollution. The number of brownfield sites tins grown exponentially during the, past 25 years. The growth curve has reached epidemic proportions-as many as 650,000 brownfield sites exist in the United St
5、ates today.Both the public and private sectors realize the problem cannot continue to grow unchecked.More of the impetus for redevelopment comes from state and local governments, which is not surprising since the brownfield epidemic directly affects thousands of U.S. communities. Many of these impac
6、ts are so serious that they threaten fiscal and social health of communities. Brownfield sites frequently result in a decreased tax base, urban blight, loss of infrastructure, suburban sprawl, the depletion of farmland and a loss of employment opportunities. State and local governments are more dire
7、ctly affected by these problems than their federal counterpart.Although the impact is felt most strongly at the state and local levels, federal legislation is largely responsible for the brownfield phenomenon. In particular, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Acts
8、(CERCLA) onerous (繁重的) provisions have induced thousands of property owners, lenders and prospective purchasers to shun industrial property.Theoretically, various provisions allow owners and lenders to avoid liability. Unfortunately, two of the primary ways to avoid liability are fraught with diffic
9、ulty. Both the innocent landowner defence and the security interest exemption (免除) contain ambiguous language that is troubling to the members of the regulated community they were designed to protect.The ambiguity, coupled with CERCLAs draconian liability scheme, has created a vacuum. Existing owner
10、s, prospective purchasers and lenders have become alert to industrial properties. Hundreds of thousands of moderately troubled properties sit idle because of the threat of CERCLA liability. These sites constitute the nations approximately 650,000 brownfields. Until recently, prospective purchasers,
11、lenders and tenants have had no reason to risk CERCLA liability by becoming involved in brownfield sites-but things are beginning to change. Federal and state governments have taken steps to encourage private parties to revitalize brownfields. An important plank in both federal and state programmes
12、are provisions that limit owner and lender liability.Federal InitiativesThe federal government has revised its policy on prospective purchaser agreementscontracts between the EPA and buyers of contaminated sites. The EPA originally published its Prospective Purchaser Guidance in 1989. At that time i
13、ts policy was to avoid entanglements in what it viewed as private real estate deals. Since then, the number of inactive industrial sites has increased dramatically. State and local governments across the country complained loudly about the impact the sites were having on the economic and social heal
14、th of their communities. The EPA now makes it easier for prospective purchasers to quantify their cleanup obligations by executing a prospective purchaser agreement.Other important initiatives included in EPAs Brownfield Action Agenda were the Underground Storage Tank Lender Liability Rule and Owner
15、s of Property Containing Contaminated Aquifers Guidance.State InitiativesMany states have enacted Voluntary Cleanup Programmes (VCPs), designed to encourage the reuse of dormant industrial sites. Most VCPs offer mechanisms that limit owner liability for those not contributing to the sites environmen
16、tal problems.Some VCPs allow regulators to enter into covenants not to sue, which provides owners with the ability to quantify their environmental obligations to regulators.The state EPA agrees not to sue the owner/covenantee as long as it performs the cleanup which it agrees to. Without a cap on li
17、ability, investors steer clear of brownfield sites.Cleanup FinancingLegislators and regulators have provided a variety of mechanisms to limit tile liability of those contemplating purchasing, leasing or lending money on brownfield properties. The problem is that the parties remain alert to brownfiel
18、d sites. Their attitudes are based on sound logic.Greenfields are properties not previously used or despite previous use that have no real or perceived contamination. Prospective brownfield developers are aware that they can avoid the complications inherent in a brownfield acquisition by acquiring g
19、reenfields.Private industry typically will only consider brownfield deals that offer exceptional upside potential.To date, the most important breakthroughs in brownfields have been the liability limitations.Unfortunately, these provisions merely put the owner or lender in the same position they woul
20、d be in with a greenfield development. These parties are also keenly aware that they will have to spend large amounts of money on legal, engineering and other professional help to get to the same place.Why should a developer or corporation spend time and money on a brownfield redevelopment?In some i
21、nstances, brownfield properties offer exceptional investment opportunities. Many brownfields are available at a steep discount largely attributable to “stigma equity“. Stigma equity is created when the sale price and the cleanup cost are less than the uncontaminated value of the site.Finance is beco
22、ming more important in the environmental field, largely due to the decrease in enforcement actions. Environmental agencies across the United States are under budgetary pressures. Until recently, many remediation projects were undertaken solely because of the command and control system, meaning you d
23、o or else“. The fines and penalties contained in various environmental statutes and regulations were sufficiently punitive to coerce action by a significant percentage of the regulated community. Recently, legislators and regulators have been leaning away from the command and control model. They rec
24、ognize there is simply not enough manpower to rely exclusively on the paradigm.Incentives have been introduced to encourage companies to voluntarily take environmentally friendly actions. In particular, brownfields are now the focus of legislative and regulatory initiatives designed to spur private
25、industry to clean up the environment.Potential MarketBrownfield redevelopment constitutes one of the largest potential markets for environmental vendors (卖主 ). Environmental vendors must help their clients pay for remediation costs. Firms that help clients generate cash flow will be more successful
26、than other technically competent organizations that choose to ignore the issue.Environmental vendors can ally themselves with organizations offering brownfield financing.These relationships can work both ways the financing firms frequently come across cleanup projects that require a broad array of e
27、xpertise. Consequently, they may be able to reciprocate (回报).Voluntary Cleanup ProgrammesMany states have enacted voluntary cleanup programmes with a wide array of provisions, including finds to investigate and remedy brownfields, and stale money for prospective purchasers to investigate the environ
28、mental condition of a property.This type of funding is important because it provides investors with strong motivalion to investigate sites that were previously thought to harbour significant levels of pollution.Once a prospective purchaser discovers that a site is relatively clean, the deal is much
29、more likely to proceed. Many salvageable sites would lay fallow (休耕的) without this state funding.2 The writer mainly explores the causes of increasing numbers of brownfields iii this article.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG3 Brownfield epidemic directly influences American economy.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG4 Federal legislatio
30、n is largely responsible for the brownfield phenomenon.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG5 One initiative the federal government takes is to reduce the tax for those who green the brownfield for commercial purposes.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG6 Many states have enacted Voluntary Cleanup Programmes to encourage the reuse of brownfi
31、elds.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG7 The state EPA insists on suing the owner even if it agrees to perform the cleanup.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG8 So far, the liability limitations have been the most important breakthroughs in brownfields.（A）Y（B） N（C） NG9 Finance is becoming increasingly important in tile environmental field
32、, largely because of_.10 Redeveloping brownficlds offers a big potential market for_.11 Many states provide funds for voluntary cleanup programmes to _brownfields.Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one
33、or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer.（A）The man attended the concert
34、, but didnt like it.（B） The man was sorry to miss the football game.（C） The man is more interested in football than in classical music.（D）The man was sorry that he didnt attend the concert.（A）Singing loudly.（B） Listening to music.（C） Studying.（D）Talking on the phone.（A）She cant receive any calls.（B）
35、 She cant make any calls.（C） She can do nothing with the phone.（D）She cant repair the phone.（A）Tom is very responsible.（B） Toms words arent reliable.（C） What Tom said is true.（D）Tom is not humorous at all.（A）How to use a camera.（B） How to use a washer.（C） How to use a keyboard.（D）How to use a tape r
36、ecorder.（A）They should put the meeting to un end.（B） They should hold another meeting to discuss the matter.（C） She would like to discuss another item.（D）She wants to discuss the issue again later.（A）He believes the Browns have done a sensible thing.（B） He doesnt think the Browns should move to anot
37、her place.（C） He doesnt think the Browns investment is a wise move.（D）He believes it is better for the Browns to invest later.（A）He may convert it and use it as a restaurant.（B） He may pull it down and build a new restaurant.（C） He may rent it out for use as a restaurant.（D）He may sell it to the own
38、er of a restaurant.（A）Ways to determine the age of a fossil.（B） The identity of a fossil the woman found.（C） A comparison of two shellfish fossils.（D）Plans for a field trip to look for fossils. （A）He has never seen a fossil that old.（B） It could be many millions of years old.（C） It is probably a rec
39、ent specimen.（D）He will ask the lab how old it is. （A）Take it to class.（B） Put it in her collection.（C） Take it to the lab.（D）Leave it with her professor. （A）They dont get rid of loose arm.（B） They can damage arm muscles.（C） They arent acceptable to most people.（D）They can raise ones blood pressure.
40、（A）By talking to an expert.（B） By reading an article.（C） By attending an exercise class.（D）By listening to, the radio.（A）Exercising the entire body,（B） Having your blood. Pressure to, ken daily.（C） Losing weight prior to exercising.（D）Weighing in before each exercise session.（A）Wearing arm weights w
41、hile you are swimming.（B） Jogging vigorously in one place for a long time.（C） Using bicycles that require you use both your arms and legs.（D）Walking slowly while swinging your arms back and forth.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you wi
42、ll hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.（A）Some Americans look down upon Asian-Americans.（B） Some Americans blame China for the trade imbalance.（C） Some
43、Americans blame Japanese for the trade imbalance and loss of jobs.（D）Americans think that they lost their jobs because Asian-Americans have taken the job places.（A）They try very hard to save money.（B） They take part in the movement for more power.（C） They put more of their energy into their business
44、.（D）They pay more attention to taking care of their families.（A）They want to be more powerful than other American minorities.（B） They want to gain more economic benefits.（C） They want to be united into a new political force.（D）They want to be absorbed into American culture.（A）They are very busy.（B）
45、They feel tired and want to go to bed early.（C） The speakers house has no electricity.（D）The speaker doesnt have a television set.（A）They stare at the walls.（B） They collect stamps.（C） They attend evening classes.（D）They do whatever they are interested in.（A）They feel delighted.（B） They feel relaxed
46、.（C） They feel lost.（D）They feel confident.（A）Enjoy family happiness.（B） Switch to another field.（C） Start his own business.（D）Build a house of his own.（A）He planned to sell it to one of his customers.（B） He planned to send it to the carpenter as a gift.（C） He planned to fill it with his favorites.（
47、D）He planned to send it to his partner.（A）It was of low quality.（B） It was perfect in workmanship and materials.（C） It did not satisfy the contractor.（D）It was the best of all the houses he had built.（A）We should focus on the future life.（B） We should react to life rather than act.（C） We should buil
48、d our houses in life.（D）We should always do our best.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the
49、 blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 36 There was a time when, if a lady got onto a【B1】_ bus or train, a gentleman would immediately stand up and offer her his seat. No more, though. Today a gentleman will【B2 】_ look out of the window, or if he feels a bit【B3】_ , hide behind his newspaper. Either w
