1、大学英语四级（2013 年 12 月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 204（无答案）一、Part I Writing1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then explain how to solve the rubbish problem in cities. You should write at le
2、ast 120 words but no more than 180 words.Section A（A）The time when the woman was killed.（B） The main cause of the woman s death.（C） The woman s identity.（D）The reason why the woman failed to return home.（A）9.（B） 19.（C） 22.（D）33.（A）The rescue operation involved many people.（B） The cause of the explos
3、ions has been determined.（C） Rescue efforts were stopped on Thursday.（D）The explosions didnt destroy the building.（A）17.（B） 24.（C） 21.（D）41.（A）France.（B） The United States.（C） Spain.（D）Italy（A）77 million.（B） 130 million.（C） 36.8 million.（D）100 million.（A）16.6.（B） 30.（C） 100.（D）37.Section B（A）Giving
4、up smoking.（B） Birth control of the family.（C） Plan for seeing a doctor.（D）Arrangement for breaking engagement.（A）Smoking helps to lessen the pressure.（B） Smoking helps him fall asleep quickly.（C） He can get much happiness from smoking.（D）Smoking brings more chances to make friends.（A）See a doctor t
5、o get some help.（B） Read books about the harm of smoking.（C） Improve his self-controlling abilities.（D）Receive mental health treatment.（A）Smoking is the only bad habit the man should change.（B） She doesn t love the man as deep as before.（C） She doesnt want to have a baby if the man smokes.（D）Maybe s
6、he will leave the man if he continues to smoke.（A）At a bookstore.（B） At a library.（C） On the telephone.（D）At the student center.（A）Return it as quickly as possible.（B） Pay a fine because of the delayed return.（C） Return it within 7 days of the recall notice.（D）Return it within 7 days before the due
7、date.（A）Send an email to him.（B） Impose an overdue fine on him.（C） Ask his roommates to give him a message.（D）Give the notice to his teacher of his department.（A）Thirty cents a day.（B） Thirteen cents a day.（C） Thirty cents four day.（D）Twenty-three cents a day.Section C（A）Check-out procedures.（B） Sum
8、mer vacation registration.（C） Summer manage crew.（D）Filling out resident form.（A）On September 1.（B） On June 3.（C） Before the next school tear.（D）After final exam.（A）A problem for registering for class.（B） A 25-dollar fine.（C） Clearing their personal property out of the room.（D）Failure to make repair
9、s.（A）Your eyesight.（B） The mechanical condition of your car.（C） Your knowledge of highway regulations.（D）Your driving ability.（A）A booklet.（B） A driver s license.（C） An instruction permit.（D）A fine ticket.（A）One who violates the traffic regulation.（B） Drivers-to-be.（C） One who fails in the road test
10、 examination.（D）License examiners.（A）In the authors opinion, there are mainly two kinds of holidaymakers.（B） The same aim for any kind of holidaymakers is to be happy and relaxed.（C） Few people enjoy going on two or three holidays a year.（D）For some holidaymakers, going on holiday can improve their
11、world knowledge.（A）To enjoy themselves.（B） To see the specialties in other places.（C） To have a good sleep.（D）To eat lobsters.（A）Drinking.（B） Sunbathing.（C） Sleeping.（D）Swimming.（A）To get a proper feel of a place.（B） To visit as many countries as possible.（C） To appreciate the local food and wine.（D
12、）To increase their knowledge of other countries.Section A26 Using a computer or smartphone at night can cause us to pile on the pounds, new research has revealed. The study found a link between blue light【C1】_blue light is emitted by smartphones and tabletsand increased hunger. It found that exposur
13、e to the light【C2】_hunger levels for several hours and even increases hunger levels after eating a meal. Results of the US study show that blue-enriched light exposure, compared with【C3 】_light exposure, was【C4】_with an increase in hunger that began 15 minutes after light onset and was still present
14、 almost two hours after the meal. Blue light exposure has also already been shown to decreased【C5】_in the evening increasing the risk of insomnia.Study co-author Ivy Cheung, of Northwestern University, in Chicago, said: “A single three-hour exposure to blue-enriched light in the【C6】_impacted hunger
15、and glucose metabolism(新陈代谢). “These results are important because they suggest that【C7】_environmental light exposure for humans may represent a novel approach of influencing food intake patterns and metabolism.“ The study group【 C8】_10 healthy adults with regular sleep and eating schedules who rece
16、ived identical carbohydrate-rich meals. They completed a four-day trial under dim light conditions, which involved exposure to less than 20 lux during 16 hours【C9】_and less than three lux during eight hours of sleep.Ms Cheung said more research is needed to determine the【C10】_of action involved in t
17、he relationship between light exposure, hunger and metabolism.A)awake B)exposure C)mode D)dimE)manipulating F)sleepiness G)increases H)makingI)comprised J)associated K)mechanisms L)darkM)referred N)slightly O)acutely27 【C1 】28 【C2 】29 【C3 】30 【C4 】31 【C5 】32 【C6 】33 【C7 】34 【C8 】35 【C9 】36 【C10 】Sec
18、tion B36 Want to Know Your Disease Risk? Check Your ExposomeA)When it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture? You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and ill health. Not so fast. In fact, it transpires(得知)that our everyday environment outweighs our
19、 genetics, when it comes to measuring our risk of disease. The genome(染色体组，基因组)is out welcome the exposome(环境暴露).B)“The exposome represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment, thats not in the genes, “says Stephen Rappaport, environmental health scientist at the University of Calif
20、ornia, Berkeley. That includes stress, diet, lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections, to name a few. “The big difference is that the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies, diets and lifestyles change, “he says. While our understanding of the human genome has be
21、en growing at an exponential(迅速发展的 )rate over the last decade, it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases. “Genes only contribute 10 percent to the overall disease burden,“ says Rappaport. “Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile(无用的),“ says Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial
22、 College London. He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, who investigated the effects of 101 genetic markers implicated in heart disease. After following over 19,000 women for 12 years, she found these markers were not able to predict anything about the incide
23、nce of heart disease in this group.C)On the other hand, the impact of environmental influences is still largely a mystery. “Theres an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and the environment,“ says Chris Wild, director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, who came u
24、p with the idea of the exposome. In reality, most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two, which is where the exposome comes in. “The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of a person s full exposure history,“ says Wild. He hopes a better understanding of exposures will shed a br
25、ighter light on disease risk factors.D)There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development. For example, the time from birth to 3 years of age is thought to be particularly important. “We know that this is the time when brain connections are made, and that if you are obese(过度肥胖的)by th
26、is age, youll have problems as an adult,“ says Nicholson. In theory, a blood or urine sample taken from an individual could provide a snapshot of what that person has been exposed to. But how do you work out what fingerprints chemicals might leave in the body? The task is not as formidable(艰难的)as it
27、 sounds. For a start, researchers could make use of swatches(样本 )of bio-bank information that has already been collected. “There has been a huge international funding effort in adult cohorts(一群)like the UK Bio-bank already,“ says Wild. “If we improved analysis, we could apply it to these groups.“E)S
28、everal teams are also working towards developing wearable devices to measure personal exposure to chemicals in the environment. “We can put chemicals in categories,“ says Rappaport. “We could start by prioritizing toxic chemicals, and look for markers of these toxins in the blood, while hormones and
29、 metals can be measured directly.“ Rappaport is looking at albumin(白蛋白),a common protein in the blood that transports toxins to the liver where they are processed and broken down. He wants to know how it reacts with a range of chemicals, and is measuring the products. “You can get a fingerprinta dis
30、play of all the products an individual has been exposed to.“F)By combining this information with an enhanced understanding of how exposure affects health, the exposome could help better predict a persons true disease risk. And we shouldnt have to wait longRappaport reckons we can reap the benefits w
31、ithin a generation. To this end, the US National Institutes of Health has set up an exposure biology program. “We re looking for interactions between genes and exposure to work out an individuals risk of disease,“ says David Balshaw, who manages the program. “It would allow you to tailor(使合适)the the
32、rapeutic response to that persons risk.“ An understanding of this interaction, reflected in a persons metabolic(新陈代谢的)profiles(数据图表), might also help predict how they will respond to a drug. Nicholson has been looking for clues in metabolite profiles of urine samples.G)Last year, his research group
33、used these profiles to predict how individuals would metabolise paracetamol(扑热息痛 ). “It turned out that gut(肠子)microbes(微生物)were very important,“ says Nicholson. “Weve shown that the pre-dose urinary metabolite profile could predict the metabolism of painkilling drugs, and therefore predict drug tox
34、icity.“ The findings suggest that metabolic profiles of exposure could help doctors tailor therapies and enable them to prescribe personalized medicines. Justin Stebbing at Imperial College London has already shown that metabolic profiles of women with breast cancer can predict who will respond to c
35、ertain therapies. It is early days, but the initial findings look promising. “Were reaching the point where were capable of assessing the exposome,“ says Balshaw. With the implications for understanding disease causes and risks, and a real prospect of developing personalized medicine, the expo-some
36、is showing more promise than the genome already, he adds.H)How does air pollution or stress leave a trace in the blood? The US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, is trying to find out. One group funded by the NIH and led by Nongjian Tao at Arizona State Universitys Biodesign Instit
37、ute in Tempre is developing wearable wireless sensors to monitor an individual s exposure to environmental pollutants. Tao s team started by creating software for Windows phones(视窗话筒 ), but they are working on apps(应用程序 )that could be used on any smart phone. In theory, anyone could pop on(戴)a senso
38、r and download an app to receive real-time information on exposure to environmental pollutants. At the same time, smart phones monitoring your location can combine the level of pollution with an exact time and place. Tao presented his sensor at the Circuits and Systems for Medical and Environmental
39、Applications Workshop in Yucatan Mexico last week. I)“Were now moving prototypes(原型，样品)into human studies, and progressing those prototypes into products,“ says David Balshaw of the NIH. Earlier this year, Tao s group tried out the sensor on individuals taking a stroll around Los Angeles, California
40、. They were able to measure how exposure to pollutants changed as each person wandered near busy roads and petrol stations.37 Theoretically speaking, we can know what one has been exposed to from his blood samples.38 Chris Wild put forward the conception of exposome.39 Rappaport has confidence in th
41、e realization of exposome s helping better predict people s true disease risk.40 Jeremy Nicholson said, knowing genetic risk factors of health turned out to be completely useless.41 When measuring the risk of disease, one should consider the influence of exposome first.42 The albumin in our blood pl
42、ays the role of conveying toxins to the liver.43 The metabolic profiles of individuals can reflect the interaction between genes and exposure.44 According to the findings of Nicholsons research group, doctors can give a prescription of personalized medicines with the help of metabolic profiles of ex
43、posure.45 Nicholson says that one s period from birth to the age of three is a period that forms his brain connections.46 The wearable wireless sensors being developed by Taos research group are used to detect the exposure to environmental pollutants of individuals.Section C46 Gestures arent the onl
44、y area in which the unwary traveler can get tripped up. Foreign cultures adhere to different business customs and behavior. For example, Caffeine junkies should restrain themselves in the Middle East. “Three cups of tea or coffee is usually the polite limit in offices and during social calls,“ couns
45、els “Travel Pak,“ a free publication of Alia, the Royal Jordanian Airline. “But if your host keeps going, you also may continue sipping. If youve had your fill, give your empty cup a quick twist a sort of wiggleas you hand it back. That means “No more, thank you.“Middle East visitors also should not
46、 be surprised “if others barge right into the office in the middle of your conversation with the person you are seeing,“ notes “Travel Pak.“ An old Arab cus torn calls for keeping an “open office.“ The British, however, consider it impolite to interrupt a visitor, even after all business has been tr
47、ansacted. The commercial caller is expected to be sensitive to this point, know when to stop, and initiate his or her own departure. In Japan certain guests at evening business gatherings will leave early. They should be allowed to leave without effusive goodbyes. The Japanese consider formal depart
48、ures to be disruptive in such cases and disturbing to remaining guests. In Scandinavia and Finland business guests may be asked to shed their clothes and join their hosts in a sauna.The invitation is a sign that a good working relationship has been established. In the Arab world, the word “no“ must
49、be mentioned three times before it is accepted. In contrast, it is considered good business manners to make many and long efforts to pick up the check. In the People s Republic of China, gift giving is considered an insult, says Patrick J. Lewis, President of Club Universe, a Los Angeles tour operator. “If you want to give someone a gift, make sure it s modest in value. This will not be considered offensive, but it may be declined,“ The Chinese manner of expressing friendship and welcome is t
