1、自考英语（二）模拟试卷 25 及答案与解析一、阅读判断0 In Sports, Red is the Winning ColorWhen opponents of a game are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study. British anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham reached that conclusion by studyin
2、g the outcomes of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman-wresting, and freestyle-wrestling matches at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. In each event Olympic staff randomly assigned red or blue clothing or body protection to competitors . When otherwise equally matched with their oppo
3、nent in fitness and skill, athletes wearing red were more likely to win the bout. “Where there was a large point differencepresumably because one contestant was far superior to the othercdour had no effect on the outcome, “ Barton said. “Where there was a small point difference, the effect of color
4、was sufficient to tip the balance. “In equally matched bouts, the preponderance of red wins was great enough that it could not be attributed to chance, the anthropologists say. Hill and Barton found similar results in a review of the colors worn at the Euro 2004 international soccer tournament. Thei
5、r report will be published in tomorrow s issue of the Journal Nature. Joanna Setchell, a primate researcher at the University of Cambridge in England, has found similar results in nature. Her work with the large African monkeys known as mandrills shows that red coloration gives males an advantage wh
6、en it comes to mating. The finding that red also has an advantage in human sporting events does not surprise her, adding that “the idea of the study is very clever. “Hill and Barton got the idea for their study out of a mutual interest in the evolution of sexual signals in primates “red seems to be
7、the color, across species, that signals male dominance and testosterone levels. “ Barton said. For example, studies by Setchell, the Cambridge primate researcher, show that dominant male mandrills have increased red coloration in their faces and rumps. Another study by other scientists shows that re
8、d plastic rings experimentally placed on the legs of male zebra finches increase the birds dominance. Barton said he and Hill speculated that “there might be a similar effect in humans. And if so, it could be apparent in sporting contests. “The pair say their results indicate that sexual selection m
9、ay have influenced the evolution of humans response to color. Setchell, the primatologist, agrees. “As Hill and Barton say, humans redden when we are angry and pale when we re scared. These are very important signals to other individuals, “ she says “the advantage of red may be intuitively known, ju
10、dging from the prevalence of red uniforms in sports “though it is clearly not very widely appreciated, on a conscious level at least, “ setch. she adds that the finding of red s advantage might have implications for regulations that govern sporting attire. In the Olympic matches he surveyed for the
11、new study, for example, it is possible some medal winners may have reached the pedestal with an unintended advantage. “That is the implication, though we cannot say that it made the difference in any one specific case. “ Barton said. Meanwhile, Setchell notedtongue-in-cheekthat a red advantage may n
12、ot be limited to sports. “Going by the recent U. S. A. election results, red is indeed quite successful, “ she said. 1 Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcome of sports matched.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given2 Hill and Barton are both interested in primates.（A）True（B）假（C） Not G
13、iven3 Whatever the situation, color always has an effect on the outcome of the match.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given4 According to Barton, red signals male dominance and testosterone levels.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given5 Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given6 Red is not
14、 an advantage for zebra finches.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given7 The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given8 Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given9 According to Barton, reds advantage might have implications for regu
15、lations that govern sporting attire.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given10 Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sports uniforms.（A）True（B）假（C） Not Given二、阅读选择10 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics“ are driven in large part by the action of a tiny minority of spec
16、ial individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn t explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called th
17、e “two-step flow of communication“ : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. Th
18、e theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evid
19、ence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don t seem to be required
20、at all. The researchers argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influenceeven the most influential numbers of a population simply dont intera
21、ct with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influenc
22、e his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people. Building on th
23、e basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found tha
24、t the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades“ the widespread propagation of influence through networksis the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people. 11 By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to_.（A）analyze t
25、he consequences of social epidemics（B） discuss influentials function in spreading ideas（C） exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics（D）describe the essential characteristics of influentials12 The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory“ _.（A）serves as a solution to marketing pr
26、oblems（B） has helped explain certain prevalent trends（C） has won support from influentials（D）requires solid evidence for its validity13 What the researchers have observed recently shows that_.（A）the power of influence goes with social interactions（B） interpersonal links can be enhanced through the m
27、edia（C） influentials have more channels to reach the public（D）most celebrities enjoy wide media attention14 The underlined phrase “these people“ in Paragraph 14 refers to the ones who_.（A）stay outside the network of social influence（B） have little contact with the source of influence（C） are influenc
28、ed and then influence others（D）are influenced by the initial influential15 What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?（A）The eagerness to be accepted.（B） The impulse to influence others.（C） The readiness to be influenced.（D）The inclination to rely on others. 三、概括段落大意和补全句子15 Le
29、arn about Noble Gases(惰性气体)1 Have you ever ridden on a balloon? Many tourist spots offer balloon rides in order for people to see the beauty of a place from above. A balloon contains a noble gas called helium. Formerly, balloons contained hydrogen but hydrogen is very flammable and dangerous when un
30、controlled. Therefore, people shifted to helium, which is safer. Helium is safe because it has the properties of the noble gases. 2 People once believed that noble gases couldn t chemically react at all. For this reason, they were called inert gases. They were also clustered under Group 0 in the old
31、 periodic table because scientists believed that the gases have zero valence electrons in their outer shell. This was later proven to be untrue when some noble gas compounds were discovered. 3 The gases are elements, which share similar properties. These properties include being monatomic, colorless
32、, odorless, being able to conduct electricity, and having low chemical reactivity. Noble gases include Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon. These are all found in Group 18, in the rightmost column of the periodic table. If you look at the periodic table, you will notice that these elements
33、 are the only ones, which do not have a charge. Helium has the lowest molecular(分子的)weight while Radon is the heaviest. 4 Remember that chemical reactions occur because atoms have “valence“ electrons, which are electrons in their outer shell. When the outer shell is “unfilled“ or the required number
34、 of electrons is not yet complete, the atom is more reactive. Noble gases have a full outer shell, meaning that they have complete electrons in their outer shell. This complete number varies. For instance, the outer shell of Helium has 2 valence electrons while the outer shell of Xenon has 8 electro
35、ns. Nowadays, there remains to be a few noble gases because of the inherent low chemical reactivity of these said gases. 5 Because of their properties, noble gases have many important applications. They are widely used in recreation, medicine and industries. For instance, Liquid Helium is used for s
36、uperconducting magnets(磁体). These magnets are very important in physics and medicine. When a doctor suspects that a person s brain has been damaged, he might request for Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI). MRI allows the doctor to “see“ the brain, without operating on the patient. A . What are the appl
37、ications of noble gas?B. Safe is a property of the noble gas . C. What are noble gases?D. What cause the low chemical reactivity of noble gases?E. How were noble gases understood in the past?F. What is the periodic table?16 Paragraph1_17 Paragraph 2_18 Paragraph3_19 Paragraph4_20 Paragraph5_20 A. un
38、necessaryB. completeC. lightestD. safeE. flammableF. reactive21 One of the properties of noble gases, take Helium as an example, is_. 22 Noble gases are not very chemically_. 23 Among the elements of noble gases Helium is the_. 24 The required number of electrons in noble gases outer shell is_. 25 M
39、RI may make operating on the patient_. 四、填句补文25 Forests for CitiesYou are standing in a beautiful forest in Japan. The air is clean and smells like plants and flowers. There are 175 different kinds of trees, and 60 kinds of birds live here. 【T1】_You are downtown in the city of Nara, Japan, in Kasuga
40、yama Forest, the oldest urban forest in the world. It was started more than a thousand years ago, and today it s very popular with tourists and artists. Cities around the world are working to protect their urban forests. Some urban forests are parks, and some are streets with a lot of trees. But all
41、 urban forests have many good effects on the environment. 【T2】_They also stop the noise from heavy traffic. They even make the weather better because they make the air 3-5 degrees cooler, and they stop strong winds. Urban forests also have many good effects on people. They make the city more beautif
42、ul. In a crowded area, they give people a place to relax and spend time in nature. 【T3】_In some countries, people are starting new urban forests. In England, there are now 1. 3 million trees in an urban forest called Thames Chase, east of London. It was started in 1990, and it has grown very fast. W
43、alking and bicycle clubs use the forest, and there are programs for children and artists. 【T4】_Some older cities dont have space for a big urban forest, but planting trees on the streets makes the city better. Scientists found that commuters(通勤人员)feel more relaxed when they can see trees. Trees are
44、even good for business. 【T5 】_In the future, urban forests will become even more important as our cities grow bigger. In the megacities(超大城市)of tomorrow, people will need more green space to live a comfortable life. Planting trees today will make our lives better in the future. A. People spend more
45、time at shopping centers that have trees. B. In hot countries, urban forests are cool places for walking and other healthy exercises. C. But you are not in rural area. D. Trees take pollution out of the air. E. In 2033, it will have 5 million trees. F. It has many kinds of birds in the country. 26 【
46、T1】27 【T2】28 【T3】29 【T4】30 【T5】五、填词补文30 Nearly a third of women are the main bread winners in their household in Britain, according to a major survey. Researchers said that in many relationships it was no longer assumed that the mall would bring in the bigger income, 【B1】_in a time of widespread red
47、undancies(裁员). In a【B2 】 _shift in attitudes. four out of ten women said that the career of whichever partner had the highest income would take【B3】_in the relationship. In one in ten families. a house husband looks after the children and does the【B4】_while their female partner works fulltime. Ten pe
48、rcent of women admitted this role【B5】_had put strains on their relationship and some said it had even led to them【B6】_company. The Women and Work Survey 2010, commissioned(受. . . . . . 委托)by Grazia magazine, found that almost half of full-time mothers【B7 】_not earning their own money. And two thirds
49、 of the mothers among the 2, 000 women in the survey said they wanted to keep working in some way after having children. A【B8】_higher number of those with children under three said they would prefer to workpreferably parttimerather than stay at home. Victoria Harper of Grazia said, “Women are getting good jobs when they graduate, and working up the Career【B9】_faster than they have ever done. “
