2018年高中历史第一单元专制理论与民主思想的冲突单元优化总结课件新人教版选修2.ppt

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1、单元优化总结,第一单元 专制理论与民主思想的冲突,一、民主思想与专制理论的区别 1民主思想首先强调的是人、人的权利和尊严。专制理论的原则总的来说就是轻视人,无视并践踏人的权利和尊严。 2民主思想坚持平等原则,主张人民权利平等,在法律面前人人平等。专制理论否定人是生而平等的,主张由于出身和血统不同,他们的社会地位、权利和身份也各不相同。 3民主思想主张人人都应当享有各种自由权利,追求自由和幸福的权利。专制理论认为只有少数人才能够拥有财产、地位和特权,才有权参与国家统治。,4民主思想认为,国家权力是人民意志的体现,是最大的 公平。专制理论认为君主就是国家的代表,他的权力来自 上帝,是神圣不可侵犯的

2、 5民主思想主张国家应实行法治原则,专制理论则认为贵 族、僧侣等特权阶级应该享有特权,他们是社会的上层, 属于统治阶级,在法律上是和下等人不平等的。,二、近代分权学说的理论渊源、提出、发展及实践,英国思想家洛克是近代资产阶级分权学说的倡导者, 他主张把国家的立法权、行政权和对外权必须分由 不同的机关行使,而不能集中在君主或政府手里,启蒙运动时期的孟德斯鸠系统地提出三权分立学说。认为立法权、行政权、司法权分别掌握在不同的国家机关手中,三种权力互相制约又保持平衡,真正建立起法治国家,主要目的是防止君主专制,确保公民的政治自由,(1)美国首先采用三权分立学说。美国独立后制定的1787年宪法确立了总统共和制,司法、行政、立法三权分立 (2)欧洲的资本主义国家,无论采用总统制还是内阁制,都以孟德斯鸠三权分立学说为其政治制度的理论基础 (3)中国的中华民国临时约法也受到了孟德斯鸠分权学说的明显影响,

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