广西专用2019中考语文文言文基础过关16生于忧患死于安乐20190119374.doc

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1、1生于忧患,死于安乐16生于忧患,死于安乐一、通假字1. 益其所不能(同“增” ,增加)曾2. 于虑(同“横” ,梗塞、不顺)衡3入则无法家 士(同“弼” ,辅佐)拂二、古今异义1舜 于畎亩之中Error!发2傅说举于版 之间Error!筑3管夷吾举于 Error!士4故天将降大任于 人也Error!是5. 动心忍性Error!所 以6. 于色Error!征7. 知生于忧患而死于安乐也Error!然 后三、词类活用1形容词的使动用法(1) 其身(财资缺乏,使身处贫困之中)空 乏(2)必先 其心志(使痛苦)苦(3) 其筋骨(使劳累)劳(4) 其体肤(使经受饥饿之苦)饿(5)行拂 其所为(使受到扰

2、乱)乱2动词的使动用法(1)所以 心 性(使受到震撼;使坚忍起来)动 忍(2) 于忧患而 于安乐也(使生存;使死亡)生 死3名词活用为动词人恒 (犯错误)过四、一词多义1发Error!2拂Error!五、重点实词1故天将降大 于 人也(责任,使命;指示代词,这)任 是22人 过, 后能改(常常;这)恒 然3而后 (奋起。这里指有所作为)作4而后 (了解、明白)喻5. 则无敌国外患者(指在国外)出六、虚词意义及用法1于Error!2而Error!七、特殊句式1倒装句舜发于畎亩之中(介宾短语后置,是“舜于畎亩之中发”的倒装)2被动句傅说举于版筑之间(“于”表被动)八、重点句子翻译1必先苦其心志,劳

3、其筋骨,饿其体肤,空乏其身,行拂乱其所为。一定要先使他的内心痛苦,使他的筋骨劳累,使他经受饥饿之苦,使他身处贫困之中,使他做事不顺。2入则无法家拂士,出则无敌国外患者,国恒亡。(一个国家)在国内假如没有守法度的大臣和辅佐君王的贤士,在国外假如没有势力、地位相当的国家和外来的忧患,国家常常会灭亡。3然后知生于忧患而死于安乐也。这样以后人们才会明白常处忧虑祸患之中可以使人生存,常处安逸快乐之中可以使人死亡。九、问题探究1(2017西宁)本文的中心论点是什么?主要运用了哪些论证方法?请举例说明。生于忧患,死于安乐。举例论证、对比论证。列举了古代六位出身卑微、历经磨难、终成大业的名人事例,并将个人和国

4、家进行正反对比论证。2(2015聊城)选文的观点对你的成长有何启示?只有经受住艰苦磨炼才能有所作为,否则将一事无成。3(2015安徽)孟子认为造就人才的客观因素和主观因素分别是什么?请用自己的话概括。客观因素:艰苦环境的磨炼。主观因素:思想斗争的折磨。4(课后习题)结合课文内容说说你对“生于忧患而死于安乐”的理解,并另举一两个事例来证明这一观点。“生于忧患而死于安乐”是说忧患和磨难可以使一个人奋发有为,使一个国家兴旺发达;安逸和享乐则会让一个人不思进取,使一个国家衰败灭亡。越王勾践和吴王夫差的故3事就能证明这一观点。吴越交战,越国战败,越王勾践立志发愤图强,准备复仇。他卧薪尝胆,就是担心舒适的生活消磨了自己的志气。他还亲自到田间与农夫一起劳作,他的妻子也纺线织布。经过“十年生聚,十年教训” ,越国已经恢复元气,兵强马壮,具备了复仇的条件;反观吴王夫差,战胜越国之后,以为忧患已除,生活骄奢淫逸,狂妄自大,最终为勾践所败,身死而国灭。

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