1、1冠词、介词、代词A(2017课标全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _1_ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and _2_ work.It took three years to complete and was built using an inter
2、esting method.This included digging up the road，_3_ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _4_ top.When all those had been done，the road surface was replaced.Steam engines _5_ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been _6_ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke
3、and noise.However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25,000 people were using _7_ every day.Later，engineers _8_ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道)，which became known as the Tube.This development was only possible with the _9_
4、(introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.The Central London Railway was one of the most _10_ (success) of these new lines，and was opened in 1900.It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages，and proved extremely popular with the public.答案：【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了世界上第一条地铁伦敦地铁的起源以及它逐步成为大众所喜爱的
5、交通方式的发展历程。1crowds 解析：考查名词。avoid“避免”后可跟名词或动名词作宾语。因为此空前有形容词 terrible修饰，故排除动名词形式；crowd 作“人群”讲时，为可数名词，且前面无冠词限制，故需用复数形式，在词尾直接加s 即可。2from 解析：考查介词。由语境可知此处指“上下班” ，travel to and from work为固定表达。3laying 解析：考查动名词作宾语。由上文中的 included digging和下文的 and then building可知，此处用动名词作 included的宾语。4the 解析：考查冠词。此处是说地铁开挖、铺轨完成后，要
6、进行最后的筑顶。此处表示特指，因此应用定冠词 the。5were used 解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知主语 Steam engines和 use之间为被动关系，且由上文可知叙述的是过去发生的事，故需用一般过去时的被动语态；又因主语是名词的复数形式，故 be动词需用 were。26fairly 解析：考查副词。句意：伦敦地铁开通之初因使用蒸汽机而使乘客饱受烟尘和噪声污染之苦。修饰形容词 unpleasant需用副词形式，故填 fairly。7it 解析：考查代词。句意：伦敦地铁开通不久就广受欢迎，六个月之内，超过25 000人次乘地铁出行。此处指代上文中提到的 the r
7、ailway，需用代词 it。8managed 解析：考查动词的时态。此处叙述的是过去的事情，需用一般过去时，故答案为动词的过去式。manage to do sth.用于表示“成功地做了某事” 。9introduction 解析：考查名词。句意：地铁的发展得益于电力机和电梯的应用。由空前的定冠词可知，此处需用名词形式，动词 introduce去“e”加后缀tion 构成名词形式。10successful 解析：考查形容词。此处为“one of the形容词最高级”结构。B(2018安徽合肥二次质检)Xuan paper, known as one of the Four Treasures o
8、f Study, first came into _1_(exist) in Xuan Prefecture in the Tang dynasty. The traditional skill of making the paper _2_ hand has been passed down through generations. The process takes as many as 100 steps, all of _3_ require a level of delicacy.Take papermaking master Zhou Donghong for example. H
9、e uses a fine screen to filter(过滤) a mixture of water and fibers. He lifts it up, and its a sheet of paper. It takes him and his partner only 15 seconds _4_(form) and shape it, but theyve devoted _5_(they) to perfecting the skills for decades.“There are a lot of tricks of filtering the fibers, and t
10、iming is _6_(difficult) part of all. We have only one chance to filter the right amount of fibers, and only the proper weight guarantees the paper is neither too thin nor too thick, and the margin for error is _7_(extreme) small， ” said Zhou. With just the right degree of thickness, top quality Xuan
11、 paper holds ink and water tightly.The skill of papermaking, _8_(recognize) as a national treasure, has also proven to be an international one. We felt _9_ great sense of pride as it was listed as a world intangible culture heritage(非物质文化遗产) by UNESCO in 2009. Since then, in Jingxian County, Xuan pa
12、permaking _10_(teach) in schools.答案：【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国“文房四宝”之一的宣纸。1existence 解析：句意：宣纸，为“文房四宝”之一，最先出现于唐代宣州。come into existence为固定短语，意为“出现” 。2by 解析：句意：这种纸的传统手工制造技术已被一代一代传下来。by hand为固3定短语，意为“手工地” 。3which 解析：句意：整个过程需多达 100个步骤，所有的步骤都需要老练的水平。“all of 3 require a level of delicacy”为非限制性定语从句，先行词为 steps，将先
13、行词代入定语从句后可知先行词作介词 of的宾语，故填 which。4to form 解析：句意：他和他的同伴只需花 15秒钟就可以制作和塑造一张纸It takes sb.一段时间to do sth.为固定句式，故填 to form。5themselves 解析：设空处作宾语且与主语 they为同指关系，故用 they的反身代词 themselves作宾语。6the most difficult 解析：句意：过滤纤维有很多窍门，其中时机的掌握技巧是最困难的。根据本句中的 of all可推知设空处需用形容词最高级形式，故填 the most difficult。7extremely 解析：句意：其
14、误差极其小。设空处作状语，故填副词形式extremely。8recognized 解析：句意：造纸术被认为是国家级瑰宝，也被证明是世界级瑰宝。主语 The skill of papermaking与 recognize为逻辑上的被动关系且设空处表示完成，故填过去分词形式 recognized。9a 解析：句意：我们有强烈的自豪感，因为它在 2009年被联合国教科文组织列为世界非物质文化遗产。a sense of 为固定短语，意为“感” 。10has been taught 解析：句意：自从那时在泾县的学校一直开设宣纸制造的课程。根据时间状语 Since then可推知设空处用现在完成时；主语
15、Xuan papermaking与 teach为被动关系，故设空处需用被动语态。综上所述设空处填 has been taught。C(2018湖北八校二次联考)I wont call myself the most accomplished person when it comes to _1_(hold) chopsticks. In fact, Im pretty sure that my technique looks clumsy at times. I tend to hold _2_(I) in the middle, more beginner than expert.Still
16、, since I eat almost every meal with the eating utensil(器皿) of choice in China, its not uncommon for a new friend or acquaintance to come to a simple _3_(conclude) after observing me that my Chinese husband, Jun, must _4_(show) me how to use them.They are wrong. Ive used chopsticks ever since I was
17、a teenager, a time when my sister and mother were both fond of Chinese cuisine and introduced me _5_ many new dishes, along with the _6_(prefer)utensils in China. We always kept bamboo chopsticks along with our _7_(knife), forks and spoons, ready for 4whenever we happened to have Chinese food for di
18、nner. It was my closest family _8_observed my first mistakes I made in using chopsticks.Plus, I lived over two years in China before Jun and I started dating and I was expected _9_(use) chopsticks in almost every restaurant, stand and bar. Trust me, when youre hungry you figure out pretty fast what
19、it takes to down(咽下)_10_ meal with these utensils.答案：【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己如何学习使用筷子用餐的经历。1holding 解析：句意：在拿筷子方面我不能自称为最熟练的人。when it comes to.意为“就而论” 。其中的 to为介词，后面可加名词或动名词，故设空处填holding。2mine 解析：句意：我用筷子往往捏着中间，与其说是专家不如说是新手。考查代词(名词性物主代词)的用法。根据上下文可知，这里是指“握住我的筷子” 。3conclusion 解析：句意：因此我的新朋友或者泛泛之交看到我这样做之后常常会
20、草率地得出这样的结论，即我的丈夫 Jun，作为中国人，一定教过我如何使用筷子。come to a conclusion为固定词组，意为“得出结论” 。4have shown 解析：考查情态动词 must表推测的用法。这里表示对过去行为的推测，故填 have shown。5to 解析：句意：我自从十几岁起就已使用筷子，当时我姐姐和我妈妈都喜欢中国菜，她们让我初次尝试了许多新菜品和中国人更喜欢用的餐具。introduce sb.to sth.为固定短语，意为“使某人初次尝试某事/物” 。6preferred 解析：考查非谓语动词作定语。被修饰词 utensils与 prefer为逻辑上的被动关系，
21、故填过去分词 preferred作定语。7knives 解析：根据句子主语 we及与设空处并列的 forks and spoons可推知设空处填名词复数 knives。8who/that 解析：句意：是我最亲的家人看到了我使用筷子时最初所犯的错误。本题考查强调句型。被强调部分是人，故设空处填 who或 that。9to use 解析：句意：而且，在我和 Jun开始约会前我已在中国生活了两年多，几乎在每一家餐馆、摊位和酒吧人们都要我使用筷子。expect sb.to do sth.为固定搭配，将该结构改为被动语态：sb. be expected to do sth.。由此可见设空处填 to us
22、e。10a 解析：句意：相信我，当你饥肠辘辘时，你会很快弄明白吃一顿饭要用哪件餐具。设空处后的 meal为可数名词，在本句中表泛指，故填 a。D(2018湖南三湘名校教育联盟三次联考)The hutong is a kind of ancient typical 5city street in Beijing._1_(surround) the Forbidden City, many were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing _2_(dynasty). In order to establish the strongest power for emp
23、erors, the royal family planned the city and arranged the residential areas(住宅区 ). The Forbidden City_3_ center of Beijing, was the royal palace.At the end of the Qing dynasty, after _4_(close) China came under the influence from abroad, many old hutongs lost _5_(they) former neat(灵巧的) arrangement.A
24、fter the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, the conditions of hutongs _6_ (improve). But in recent years, the houses in many hutongs have been pulled _7_ and then replaced by modern buildings. And the hutong today is fading into the shade for both tourists _8_ local people.However, i
25、n the urban district of Beijing, hutongs still occupy one _9_(three) of the total area, providing housing for half the population, so many hutongs _10_(survive) these years. In this respect, we see Beijing as an ancient yet modern city.答案：【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了北京胡同的历史和变迁。1Surrounding 解析：句意：许多胡同环绕紫禁城，它们
26、是在元、明、清三个朝代所建。主语 many与 surround为逻辑上的主动关系，且设空处与 were built为伴随关系，故用现在分词 surrounding作状语。2dynasties 解析：考查名词的“数” 。根据前面的“Yuan，Ming and Qing”可推知设空处填名词复数形式 dynasties。3the 解析：句意：紫禁城北京的中心，是皇宫。设空处后的名词 center在本句中表示特指，故填定冠词 the。4closed 解析：句意：在清朝末期，当封闭的中国受到国外的影响之后，许多老的胡同失去了它们以前的灵巧格局。设空处作定语，修饰 China，故填形容词 closed。5
27、their 解析：设空处作定语，需用形容词性物主代词，故填 their。6were improved 解析：句意：在 1949年中华人民共和国建立后，胡同的条件得以改善。设空处为谓语，故可判断本题考查时态和语态。根据时间状语“After the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949”可知设空处需用一般过去时；主语 the conditions of hutongs与 improve为被动关系，故设空处需用被动语态。综上所述设空处填 were improved。7down 解析：句意：但近年来，许多胡同里的房子被拆毁，然后取而代之的是现代化的大楼。pull down 意为“拆毁，摧毁” 。68and 解析：句意：对于游客和当地人来说，当今的胡同正渐渐消失。both. and.为固定搭配，意为“和两个都” 。故填 and。9third 解析：句意：然而在北京市区，胡同仍然占总面积的三分之一，为一半的人口提供住房，因此这些年来许多胡同留存了下来。本题考查分数表达法(分子用基数词，分母用序数词；如果分子大于 1，分母要用序数词的复数形式)。本句中分子是 one，故分母用 third。10have survived 解析：根据时间状语 these years及上下文可推知设空处需用现在完成时，故填 have survived。
