1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2012 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pub
3、lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、(outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR6172AEROSPACEINFORMATIONREPORTAIR6172 Issued 2012-02Ice Undercutting Test Method
5、for Runways and Taxiways Deicing/Anti-icing Chemicals RATIONALEThis test method, for liquid and solid deicing/anti-icing chemicals, offers a quantitative procedure to evaluate the ice undercut as a function of the time and temperature by such deicing/anti-icing chemical and is based on the SHRP H-20
6、5.6- MODIFIED FOR AIRPORT APPLICATION (draft April 17/02) Test Method for Ice Undercutting by Liquid Deicing Chemicals (or Solids). TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 3 1.1 Minimum Requirements 31.2 Hazardous Materials . 31.3 Standard Units 3 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 3 2.1 SAE Publications . 32.2 ASTM Public
7、ations 32.3 ISO Publications 32.4 Other Reference Documents 4 3. SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD . 4 3.1 Introduction . 43.2 Significance and Use 43.3 Test Equipment and Materials 43.3.1 Material . 43.3.2 Adapted Polystyrene Petri Test Dish 53.3.3 Petri Dish Special Surface Considerations . 53.3.4 Standard M
8、easuring Devices 53.3.5 Ice Preparation 53.3.6 Cavity Fabrication . 63.4 General Test Procedures 63.4.1 Deicing/anti-icing Chemical Form 63.4.1.1 Liquid Runway Deicing/anti-icing Chemical 63.4.1.2 Solid Runway Deicing/anti-icing Chemical . 63.4.1.3 Reference Control Solution . 63.4.2 Incorporation o
9、f Dye 63.4.3 Deicing/anti-icing Chemical Addition to Cavities. 73.5 Temperature Regulated Test Enclosures . 73.6 Number of Tests 73.7 Data Recording and Reporting . 7Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without licens
10、e from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR6172 Page 2 of 9 FIGURE 1 ADAPTED POLYSTYRENE PETRI DISH WITH DYED CHEMICAL 4FIGURE 2 EXAMPLE OF ICE UNDERCUTTING RESULTS AT -2 C 9TABLE 1 ICE UNDERCUTTING TEST RESULTS 8 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networki
11、ng permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR6172 Page 3 of 9 1. SCOPE This test method provides stakeholders (runway deicing chemical manufacturers, deicing/anti-icing chemical operators and airport authorities) with relative ice undercutting capacity of runway deicing chemicals, by measuring t
12、he area of ice undercut pattern as a function of time. Such runway deicing chemicals are often also used on taxiways. This test method does not quantitatively measure the theoretical or extended time of ice undercutting capability of ready-to-use runway deicing/anti-icing chemicals in liquid or soli
13、d form. 1.1 Minimum Requirements This method sets the minimum requirements for the determination of ice undercutting capabilities of SAE AMS 1431 and 1435 runway deicing/anti-icing chemicals in liquid and solid form as a function of time and temperature under controlled laboratory conditions. 1.2 Ha
14、zardous Materials This test may involve the use of hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
15、regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 Standard Units The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable i
16、ssue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations
17、 unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AMS1431 Compound, Solid Runway and Taxiway Deicing/Anti-icing
18、 AMS1435 Fluid, Generic, Deicing/Anti-icing, Runways and Taxiways 2.2 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.ASTM D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water ASTM D 1747 Refractive Index
19、of Viscous Materials 2.3 ISO Publications Available from International Organization for Standardization, 1, rue de Varembe, Case postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-749-01-11, www.iso.org. ISO 9001-2008 Quality Management Systems Requirements Copyright SAE International Provided
20、by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR6172 Page 4 of 9 2.4 Other Reference Documents Handbook of Test Methods for Evaluating Chemical Deicers, Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council Washington , D
21、C 1992, SHRP-H-332 3. SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD 3.1 Introduction This test utilizes small cylindrical cavities in a sheet of ice of uniform thickness frozen in a flat circular modified polystyrene petri dish having an average standardized surface roughness of 120 grit (see Figure 1). The bottoms of the
22、 cavities are essentially free of ice. After equilibration to the desired temperature, a known volume of dyed deicing chemical is placed in the cavities, and undercutting commences (see figure 1). Undercutting is evidenced by the formation of essentially circular undercut patterns. At specified time
23、 intervals, the dimensions of the observed undercut patterns are measured. The undercut pattern reflects the net result of melting on the walls of the ice cavity and melting at the ice/substrate interface. The undercut is relatively thick near the center and relatively thin at the extremities. The u
24、ndercutarea is defined as the total area of the circular undercut pattern minus the area of the original cavity. Testing temperatures shall be within 1 C (2 F) of the stated values and tests shall be performed within a freezer or a cold chamber. FIGURE 1 - ADAPTED POLYSTYRENE PETRI DISH WITH DYED CH
25、EMICAL 3.2 Significance and Use This test method provides a means to evaluate and compare the rate of ice undercutting capabilities of runway deicing/anti-icing chemicals in liquid or solid form at the ice/substrate interface over limited, defined time intervals at specified temperatures. 3.3 Test E
26、quipment and Materials The following test procedure may be performed on deicing/anti-icing chemicals in liquid or solid form. 3.3.1 Material a. Polystyrene petri dish, 150 mm (6 in) diameter however, any changes in the ice surface area may necessitate proportional changes in deicer test sample size
27、and/or volume of water used to grow the ice.3.3.3 Petri Dish Special Surface Considerations The cleanliness or purity of standardized surface specimens is known to affect the nature of bonding between ice and substrates. Care should be taken to protect surface specimens from exposure to dusts, labor
28、atory chemicals, and finger contact.3.3.4 Standard Measuring Devices All temperature sensors, electronic balances, and timing devices shall be maintained in a known state of calibration by means of a Quality Management System recognized by an international standards organization such as ISO 9001-200
29、8 (or equivalent).3.3.5 Ice Preparation The adapted petri dishes and material required for the ice preparation (water, graduated cylinder, etc ) have to be kept at 4 C 1 C (39 F 2 F) for a minimum period of 8 h 1 h prior to preparation of the ice. Sixty milliliters of water corresponds to an ice thi
30、ckness of 3.4 mm in the test dish. This pre-cooled quantity of ASTM D 1193, Type IV water is poured in the dish and swirled or stirred to distribute water over the surface. The dish is then placed on a level surface in a freezer or cold room at -10 C 1 C (14 F 2 F) within 5 minutes after filling the
31、 test dish with water. The uncovered petri dish with the water is kept in the freezer or cold chamber until the water is completely frozen (minimum 8 hours). The ice formation period may be prolonged until the water is completely frozen. During the ice formation, it is recommended to maintain ventil
32、ation as low as possible to obtain a smoother ice surface. The adapted petri dish containing the ice sheet is stored at the intended test temperature at least 10 h 1 h prior to the test. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking per
33、mitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR6172 Page 6 of 9 3.3.6 Cavity Fabrication Cavities in the ice (3.4 mm depth down to the substrate surface) are fabricated using a warm aluminum rod and using a plastic syringe with needle, melted ice is extracted from the pre-made cylindrical cavities. The
34、following process is repeated for each cavity. A rod is fabricated by machining aluminum rod to a nominal diameter of 3 mm (0.12 in). Approximately 100 mL of water in a 250-mL beaker is warmed to 65 C to 70 C (149 F to 158 F). The aluminum rod is placed in the water and allowed to warm for 30 second
35、s. The warm rod is taken out of the water, wiped with a tissue, placed vertically on the ice surface, and pressed downward with moderate pressure for 3 to 4 secondsThe rod is then removed, the syringe tip placed in the cavity, and melted water drawn into the syringe. The syringe is held in position
36、2 to 3 seconds, then withdrawn and water ejected. If visual inspection indicates a film of ice on the bottom of the cavity, the process with rod and syringe can berepeated, taking care not to enlarge the diameter of the cavity. The cavity-forming process should be conducted in the cold room at the t
37、est temperature. Use one petri dish per set of five cavities about 4 cm (1.5 in.) apart. The adapted petri dish containing the ice sheet shall be kept at the intended test temperature at least 2 hours prior to the test. 3.4 General Test Procedures 3.4.1 Deicing/anti-icing Chemical Form The following
38、 test procedure can be performed on deicing/anti-icing chemical in liquid or solid form. 3.4.1.1 Liquid Runway Deicing/anti-icing Chemical Liquid runway deicing/anti-icing chemical shall be evaluated as supplied. No dilution or preparation is needed prior to the test.3.4.1.2 Solid Runway Deicing/ant
39、i-icing Chemical Solid runway deicing/anti-icing chemical must be diluted to give a 25% w/w solution. To obtain this 25 % w/w solution, dissolve “x”g of solid runway deicer in “3x”g of demineralized water. 3.4.1.3 Reference Control Solution A reference control solution shall be tested along with the
40、 deicing/anti-icing chemical. The results are used as a validation test and allows to manufacturer an optional comparative test The reference solution consists of a potassium acetate (reagent grade ACS 99%) solution 50% w/w in ASTM D 1193, Type IV water. The 50% w/w reference control solution is pre
41、pared by mixing x g of potassium acetate and x g of demineralized water and is calculated according to Equation 1: 100*OHKCOCHKCOCH/%22323 gxgxgxww (Eq. 1)where:CH3CO2K: potassium acetate (Reagent grade ACS 99%) H2O: water (ASTM D 1193, Type IV) 3.4.2 Incorporation of Dye If the liquid deicing/anti-
42、icing chemical or the 25% w/w dilution of solid deicing/anti-icing chemical do not have a vivid enough (strength) to accurately report undercutting capability, a dye shall be prepared and added as follows; a. Two dyes are recommended to perform the test; the Rhodamine B (CAS # 81-88-9) and the Fluor
43、escein (CAS # 518-47-8). Both dyes can be used however; the Rhodamine B should be prioritized since it shows the better contrast and facilitates the ice undercutting measurement. The dye should be chosen so that there are no compatibility issues with the different runway deicer chemistries. The dye
44、used for the test should be specified and agreed accordingly. b. The dye shall be diluted to 0.1 percent by volume (0.1% w/v) in ASTM D 1193, Type IV water. To obtain this 0.1 % w/v solution, dissolve 0.025 g of dye in 25 mL of demineralized water. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under l
45、icense with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR6172 Page 7 of 9 c. Fill a 1.5 mL micro centrifuge tube (vial) with the deicer to be tested. Add 2 drops of the dye (0.1% w/v ) solution to the deicing/anti-icing chemical sample, close the vial
46、and shake vigorously. d. Keep sample at test temperature for a minimum of 8 hours prior to the test. 3.4.3 Deicing/anti-icing Chemical Addition to Cavities Use a micro-pipette to place a 25 L aliquot of deicing/anti-icing chemical into each of five cavities. Make sure that the pipettor is accurately
47、 calibrated before using. Undercutting is measured (using a digital micrometer) and recorded according to specified time intervals (currently 5, 10 and 30 minutes). A timer is essential for monitoring elapsed time. A thermometer or temperature sensor serves as a means to observe temperature and help
48、s achieve constant test temperature. 3.5 Temperature Regulated Test EnclosuresAn enclosure, which can be regulated to within 1.0 C (+ 2.0 F) of the designated test temperature, - 2 C to - 10 C (28 F to 14 F), is required for two purposes: (1) to equilibrate test specimens to the designated temperature, and (2) to maintain temperature during actual tests. The enclosure should have a temperature capability ranging from -18 C (0 F) to at least - 1 C (30 F) 3.6 Number of Tests A minimum of five test shall be performed (five cavities used)
