2018年高中化学第1章化学反应与能量转化1.1化学反应的热效应第三课时课件鲁科版选修4.ppt

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1、第1节 化学反应的热效应,第3课时 反应焓变的计算,第一章 化学反应与能量转化,如何测出下列反应的反应热:C(s)+1/2 O2(g)=CO(g) H1=?,不能很好的控制反应的程度,故不能直接通过实验测得H1,思考,学习目标,1、理解盖斯定律 2、能用盖斯定律进行有关的计算,三、反应焓变的计算:1、盖斯定律内容:P7,2、特点: (1)从途径角度:,A,B,登山的高度与上山的途径无关,只与起点和终点的相对高度有关,(2)从能量角度,HH1H2H3H4H5。,3、盖斯定律的应用方法,虚拟路径法,加合法,A,B,C,D,H1,H2,H=H1+H2+H3,H3,虚拟路径法:设计合理的反应途径,求某

2、相关反应的H,加合法:由已知热化学方程式书写目标热化学方程式,确定目标方程式,明确目标方程式中各物质在已知方程式中的位置,对已知方程式进行变形,运用盖斯定律求H,C(s)+O2(g),H1,H,H2,CO(g),CO2(g),由盖斯定律得:H= H1 + H2 则:H1 = H - H2,例题:,例1:已知:H2(g) +1/2O2(g) =H2O(g) H1=-241.8KJmol-1 H2O(g) = H2O(l) H2=-44.0KJmol-1 求:H2(g) +1/2 O2(g) =H2O(l) H=?,H2(g)+1/2O2(g),H2O(l),H2O(g),H1,H2,H,例2:

3、已知:H2(g) +1/2 O2(g) =H2O(g) H1=a KJmol-1 2H2(g) + O2(g) =2H2O(g) H2=b KJmol-1 H2(g) +1/2 O2(g) =H2O(l) H3=c KJmol-1 2H2(g) + O2(g) =2H2O(l) H4=d KJmol-1 下列关系式中正确的是( ) A. ad0 C. 2a=b0,例3: 实验中不能直接测出由石墨和氢气反应生成甲烷的反应热,但可通过测出CH4、石墨及H2燃烧反应的反应热,再求由石墨生成甲烷的反应热。已知:CH4(g)2O2(g)CO2(g)2H2O(l)H1890.3 kJmol1C(石墨)O2

4、g)CO2(g) H2393.5 kJmol1 H2(g)1/2 O2(g)H2O(l) H3285.8 kJmol1 求:C(石墨)2H2(g)CH4(g) H4_,解析 本题考查盖斯定律的理解和运用,可用“加合法”。因为反应式、之间有以下关系:2所以H4H22H3H1=-393.5 +2(-285.8)-(-890.3)=-74.8 kJmol1答案 74.8 kJmol1,1:已知下列各反应的焓变 Ca(s)+C(s,石墨)+3/2O2(g)=CaCO3(s) H1 = -1206.8 kJ/mol Ca(s)+1/2O2(g)=CaO(s) H2= -635.1 kJ/mol C(s

5、石墨)+O2(g)=CO2(g) H3 = -393.5 kJ/mol 试求CaCO3(s)=CaO(s)+CO2(g)的焓变,H4=+178.2kJ/mol,=,练习1,你能写出石墨转化为金刚石的热化学方程式吗?,查燃烧热表知: C(石墨,s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) H1=-393.5kJ/mol C(金刚石,s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) H2=-395.0kJ/mol,所以, - 得:C(石墨,s) = C(金刚石,s) H=+1.5kJ/mol,练习2,将焦炭转化为水煤气的主要反应为:C (s) + H2O(g) = CO(g) + H2(g) 已知: C (s) + O2(g)

6、 = CO2(g) H1=-393.5kJ/mol H2(g) + O2(g) = H2O(g) H2=-242.0kJ/mol CO(g) + O2(g) = CO2(g) H3=-283.0kJ/mol 写出制取水煤气的热化学方程式.,练习3,C (s) + H2O(g) = CO(g) + H2(g) H=131.5kJ/mol,=-,链接高考【2017全国卷I卷理综28(2)】,下图是通过热化学循环在较低温度下由水或硫化氢分解制备氢气的反应系统原理。通过计算,可知系统()和系统()制氢的热化学方程式分别为_、_,制得等量H2所需能量较少的是_。,思维导图,由图可知,虚线框内表示分解H2O制取H2,实线框内表示分解H2S制取H2,写出热化学方程式,写出热化学方程式,作出判断,课堂小结,三、反应焓变的计算 1、盖斯定律的内容 2、特点虚拟路径法 3、应用方法加合法,

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