1、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2000 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 29 September 2000. Printed in the United States of America.Print: ISBN 0-7381-2524-4 SH948
2、67PDF: ISBN 0-7381-2525-3 SS94867No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Std 1255-2000 (R2011)IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque Pulsations During Starting of Synchronous Mo
3、torsSponsorElectric Machinery Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyApproved 7 August 2000Reaffirmed 7 December 2011IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstract: A uniform method for calculating and measuring torque pulsations that occur during start-ing of synchronous motors is provided. Synchronous moto
4、rs, as discussed in this guide, applies toall types of excited synchronous motors, including laminated or solid, salient or nonsalient ma-chines, as well as nonexcited synchronous-reluctance motors.Keywords: air gap torque, angular acceleration, electromagnetic, motor, pulsation, rotational ve-locit
5、y, salient, speed sensing, starting stator resistance, synchronous, torque, winding volt-secondampere (VSA) methodIEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Com-mittees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. Members of the co
6、mmittees servevoluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standardsdeveloped within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute aswell as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in par
7、ticipating in the development ofthe standard.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that thereare no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related tothe scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermor
8、e, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved andissued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and commentsreceived from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years forrevision or reaffirmation.
9、When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is rea-sonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state ofthe art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard.
10、Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membershipaffiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change oftext, together with appropriate supporting comments.Interpretations: Occasionally questions
11、may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as theyrelate to specific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, theInstitute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus ofall concerned inter
12、ests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of abalance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards CoordinatingCommittees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases
13、 wherethe matter has previously received formal consideration.Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331USAIEEE is the sole entity that may authorize the use of certification mark
14、s, trademarks, or other designations toindicate compliance with the materials set forth herein.Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is pa
15、id to CopyrightClearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Cus-tomer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; (978) 750-8400. Permission to photocopyportions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obta
16、ined through the Copy-right Clearance Center.Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard mayrequire use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard,no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent right
17、s inconnection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents forwhich a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries intothe legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved. iiiIntro
18、duction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1255-2000, IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque Pulsations During Startingof Synchronous Motors.)As the size of large synchronous motors began to increase in the early 1960s to multimegawatt ratings, shaftbreakage began to be a major concern, particul
19、arly in applications requiring a long starting interval. Torquepulsations resonating with the natural mechanical frequency of the shaft and load were blamed for thesebreakages, but theoretical as well as experimental techniques for evaluating this phenomenon were lackingat the time. Technical discus
20、sions concerning this problem were scheduled at several conferences in the mid1960s.This guide for evaluating these torque pulsations is the result of a more than 30-year effort of a WorkingGroup formed under the auspices of the Synchronous Machines Subcommittee of the Power EngineeringSociety (PES)
21、 Electric Machinery Committee, formed sometime around 1968. The work of many partici-pants over the years is acknowledged, including Jack Imbertson, William Flora, K. C. Cooley, RadheyMathur, Azad Mesrobian, William L. Billington, L. A. Ferrano, Ernest I. Pollard, J. P. Povlock, John F.Szablya, Jay
22、C. White (deceased), and particularly, former chairperson Gurney Godwin.ParticipantsThe following is a list of the Working Group members for this guide:Thomas A. Lipo, ChairThe following members of the balloting committee voted on this guide:Paul L. DandenoJames H. DymondNirmal K. GhaiRonald HedinWi
23、lliam JacksonJames OliverEdward OwenMichel PoloujadoffVaino AareMichael P. BaldwinPaul L. DandenoJames H. DymondJames S. EdmondsAhmed M. El-SerafiNirmal K. GhaiBrian E. B. GottThomas J. HammonsRonald HedinRichard A. HuberInnocent KamwaAli KeyhaniThomas A. LipoAzad MesrobianJ. R. MichalecDaleep C. Mo
24、hlaNils E. NilssonMichel PoloujadoffManoj R. ShahJan SteinJohn F. SzablyaPaul Dieter Wagneriv Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved.The final conditions for approval of this guide were met on 7 August 2000. This guide was conditionallyapproved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board on 29 June 2000, with
25、the following membership:Donald N. Heirman, ChairJames T. Carlo, Vice ChairJudith Gorman, Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included is the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaison:Alan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeDonald R. Volzka, TAB RepresentativeYvette Ho SangIEEE Standards Project Editor
26、Satish K. AggarwalMark D. BowmanGary R. EngmannHarold E. EpsteinH. Landis FloydJay Forster*Howard M. FrazierRuben D. GarzonJames H. GurneyRichard J. HollemanLowell G. JohnsonRobert J. KennellyJoseph L. Koepfinger*Peter H. LipsL. Bruce McClungDaleep C. MohlaJames W. MooreRobert F. MunznerRonald C. Pe
27、tersenGerald H. PetersonJohn B. PoseyGary S. RobinsonAkio TojoDonald W. ZipseCopyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved. vContents1. Overview 11.1 Scope 11.2 Purpose. 11.3 Limitations . 12. Reference . 23. Problem description . 24. Synchronous motor equivalent circuit . 45. Calculation of pulsating an
28、d average electromagnetic torque 76. Mechanical measurement of electromagnetic air gap torque . 76.1 Measurement of angular acceleration 86.2 Measurement of rotational velocity . 96.3 Torque shaft method 147. Electrical methods for measuring electromagnetic air gap torque 147.1 Search coil method 15
29、7.2 Measurement of electromagnetic torque using terminal voltage and current sensing 167.3 Measurement of electromagnetic torque using input power sensing 177.4 Measurement of torque using electrical power input and speed sensing 19Annex A (informative) Sample calculation of per unit air gap torque
30、23Annex B (informative) Operational reactances. 25Annex C (informative) Bibliography 26Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved.1IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque Pulsations During Starting of Synchronous Motors1. Overview1.1 ScopeThis guide provides a uniform method for calculating and measuring
31、torque pulsations that occur duringstarting of synchronous motors. Synchronous motors, as discussed in this guide, applies to all types ofexcited synchronous motors, including laminated or solid, salient or nonsalient machines, as well as nonex-cited synchronous-reluctance motors. 1.2 PurposeThis gu
32、idea) Defines electromagnetic torque pulsations that occur during starting of synchronous motors.b) Recommends an equivalent circuit that can be used to describe analytically the behavior of a lami-nated, salient-pole synchronous motor during starting.c) Provides the definitions and information nece
33、ssary to properly determine the circuit parameters ofthe equivalent circuit.d) Supplies equations, derived from the circuit, that can be used to calculate the magnitude of thetorque pulsation that would occur during starting.e) Presents several alternative techniques for the on-line measurement of t
34、orque pulsations duringstarting.1.3 LimitationsAlthough this guide recommends specific calculation methods and testing techniques, it does not suggestnor imply suitability of the methods for all machine designs or operating conditions. In particular, magnetichysteresis, eddy currents in the stator,
35、changes in stator resistance due to skin effect, and armature tooth sat-uration could cause significant deviations. IEEEStd 1255-2000 IEEE GUIDE FOR EVALUATION OF TORQUE PULSATIONS2Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved.In modern installations, direct current is applied to the field winding by mea
36、ns of slip rings from a staticexciter, or by a rotating brushless excitation system, to establish synchronous operation; the field is typicallyshorted through a starting resistor during the starting phase of operation. In modern excitation systems, theshorting of the exciter is frequently accomplish
37、ed by means of a crow-bar thyristor. The action of this deviceproduces a dissymmetry in the induced field current, which must be taken into account.2. ReferenceThis guide shall be used in conjunction with the following publication. When the following publication issuperseded by an approved revision,
38、 the revision shall apply.IEEE Std 115-1995, IEEE Guide: Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines, Part IAcceptance and Per-formance Testing, Part IIProcedures for Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis.3. Problem descriptionThe synchronous motor and its connected load can be represented by a
39、torsional system of interconnectedsprings and masses, with a large number of springs and masses external to the motor itself. As in anymechanical system, resonances occur at the system natural frequencies, which are algebraically related tothe spring constants and masses of the system. In many cases
40、 the connected load has sufficient damping oris sufficiently stiff that these resonances are not of concern. Some systems are inherently flexible and haverelatively low resonant frequencies. Such a system is sensitive to impressed torques that could excite the sys-tem at one of its mechanical reson
41、ant frequencies. The problem is especially pronounced in a synchronousmotor, since the torque produced typically sweeps the frequency range from zero to twice the line frequencyas it accelerates from rest during starting. Overstressed shafts and couplings, abnormal gear tooth wear, lossof interferen
42、ce fits, and other problems can result when a motor and the equipment coupled to it are sub-jected to excessive torsional oscillation.Unlike lateral vibrations that can be readily sensed by touch and measured with relatively common instru-ments, torsional oscillations can exist with considerable amp
43、litudes and yet be undetectable except by specialinstrumentation. Since torsional oscillations are so difficult to detect and measure, and yet cause disastrousconsequences, it is particularly important that torsional stresses be evaluated when synchronous motors are todrive other equipment.All synch
44、ronous machines develop the following three major components of electromagnetic torque duringstarting: A unidirectional or time-averaged component An initial transient (decaying) pulsating component A persistent (nondecaying) pulsating componentThe unidirectional component is the useful component th
45、at acts to accelerate the machine, and results fromthe forward rotating components of the rotor current interacting with the air gap flux in the same manner asa squirrel cage induction machine. The torque definitions given in the IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electri-cal and Electronics Terms B81refer
46、 to the time-averaged torque. The transient component results from theinitial asymmetrical component of inrush current, which interacts with the symmetrical alternating compo-nent of air gap flux in the same manner as a squirrel cage induction motor. The resulting frequency of torquepulsation is ess
47、entially equal to the line frequency (i.e., 50 Hz or 60 Hz). The steady pulsating component is1The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex C.IEEEDURING STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS Std 1255-2000Copyright 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved.3the result of asymmetry of the ro
48、tor electrical and magnetic circuits. This guide is concerned primarily withthe continuous pulsating component of torque that occurs during asynchronous operation due to the effectsof rotor asymmetry.In general, the persistent pulsating component arises from both rotor geometry variations that repea
49、t onceper pole pitch or that reappear once for every two poles. The following are the three causes of rotor asymme-try for which the geometry repeats once per pole pitch:a) Magnetic permeance variations, which are the result of the salient poles being relatively more easilymagnetized at the center of the pole and relatively less easily magnetized at the center of the interpo-lar space.b) Main field winding, which encircles only the direct axis and not the quadrature axis.c) Nonuniform bar placement and composition of the amortisseur or damper winding. The amortisseurwindi
