1、 Reference number ISO 16183:2002(E) ISO 2002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16183 First edition 2002-12-15 Heavy-duty engines Measurement of gaseous emissions from raw exhaust gas and of particulate emissions using partial flow dilution systems under transient test conditions Moteurs de poids lourds Dter
2、mination, sur cycle transitoire, des missions de polluants gazeux par mesure des concentrations dans les gaz dchappement bruts et des missions de particules en utilisant un systme de dilution partielle ISO 16183:2002(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with
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7、l. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reservedISO 16183:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction. v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbr
8、eviations. 1 4 Test conditions 7 4.1 Engine test conditions 7 4.2 Engines with charge air cooling 8 4.3 Power 8 4.4 Engine air intake system 8 4.5 Engine exhaust system 8 4.6 Cooling system 8 4.7 Lubricating oil 9 4.8 Test fuel 9 5 Determination of gaseous and particulate components. 9 5.1 General .
9、 9 5.2 Equivalence . 9 5.3 Accuracy 11 5.4 Determination of exhaust gas mass flow . 11 5.5 Determination of gaseous components 14 5.6 Particulate determination . 18 6 Measurement equipment for the gaseous components . 21 6.1 Analyser specifications 21 6.2 Analysers . 22 6.3 Calibration 24 6.4 Analyt
10、ical system 35 7 Measurement equipment for particulates. 44 7.1 Specifications 44 7.2 Dilution and sampling system . 46 7.3 Calibration 52 Annex A (normative) Determination of system equivalence 55 Annex B (normative) Determination of system sampling error. 56 Annex C (normative) Carbon flow check .
11、 58 Annex D (informative) Calculation procedure Example . 60 Bibliography 64 ISO 16183:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Internatio
12、nal Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO
13、, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical com
14、mittees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the
15、possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16183 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 5, Engine tests. Annexes
16、A, B and C form a normative part of this International Standard. Annex D is for information only. ISO 16183:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved vIntroduction Todays emission measurement systems depend on the type of test cycle steady-state or transient and the type of pollutant to be measured. In a
17、 steady-state cycle, the mass of gaseous emissions is calculated from the concentration in the raw exhaust gas and the exhaust flow of the engine, which can easily be determined. For particulate matter (PM), partial-flow dilution systems, in which only a portion of the exhaust gas is diluted, are wi
18、dely used. In a transient cycle, real time exhaust flow determination is more difficult. Therefore, the constant volume sampling (CVS) principle has been used for many years because exhaust mass flow measurement is not required with this system. The total exhaust gas is diluted, the total flow as th
19、e sum of dilution air and exhaust gas volume is kept virtually constant, and the emissions (both gaseous and PM) are measured in the diluted exhaust gas. The space and cost requirements of such a system are considerably higher than for the partial-flow dilution systems used in steady-state cycles. N
20、evertheless, raw exhaust measurement and partial flow systems can only be applied to transients if sophisticated control systems and calculation algorithms are used. The mass emission determination in a raw exhaust sample and the measurement of the exhaust gas mass flow rate is a state-of-the-art pr
21、ocedure for light duty vehicle development on chassis dynamometers. There it is called modal analysis. However, it is usually done in conjunction with the mass emission evaluation on a full-flow CVS with bag analysis, where quality of the modal results can easily be verified by comparison with the C
22、VS bag results. For heavy-duty engines, the CVS system is a large and costly system. The aim of this International Standard is to provide an optional, stand-alone measurement procedure. By the nature of the transient mass emission calculation, small changes could result in large deviations of the fi
23、nal results, for example, by a wrongly performed time alignment caused by a wrong response time determination or by a system fault resulting in a change of the response time behaviour of the system. Therefore, the quality assurance procedure of a carbon dioxide-based carbon balance check, in line wi
24、th highly sophisticated verification procedures for the partial flow particulate measurement, have been established in this International Standard. NOTE CVS systems are covered in detail in various exhaust emissions regulations for both light- and heavy-duty vehicles as well as by ISO 8178-1. They a
25、re therefore not included in this International Standard. Since they are considered to be the reference systems for exhaust emission measurement on transient cycles, extensive studies have been commissioned by ISO/TC 22/SC 5/WG 2 on the correlation between CVS systems and the systems covered by this
26、 International Standard, with the results having been taken into consideration in its development. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16183:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Heavy-duty engines Measurement of gaseous emissions from raw exhaust gas and of particulate emissions using partial flow dilution
27、systems under transient test conditions 1 Scope This International Standard specifies methods for the measurement and evaluation of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from heavy-duty engines under transient conditions on a test bed. The procedures it defines can be applied to any transient te
28、st cycle that does not require extreme system response times; it can therefore be used as an option to the regulated measurement equipment of certification test cycles usually CVS-type systems with the approval of the certification agency among certification test cycles in place are the European tra
29、nsient cycle (ETC) and the US heavy-duty transient cycle (FTP). This International Standard is applicable to heavy-duty engines for commercial vehicles primarily designed for road use, but can also be applied to passenger car engines and to engines used for non-road applications. The test equipment
30、specified in this International Standard can also be used in steady-state test cycles, however, if so, the calculation procedures will need to be replaced by those applicable to the particular test cycle. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through refe
31、rence in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of appl
32、ying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 5167-1, Measurement of fluid flow by means of
33、pressure differential devices Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles and Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of
34、 a standard measurement method ISO 8178-5:1998, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 5: Test fuels SAE paper 770141, Optimization of Flame Ionization Detector for the Determination of Hydrocarbons in Diluted Automobile Exhaust, Glenn D. Reschke SAE J 1936:1989,
35、 Chemical methods for the measurement of non-regulated diesel emissions SAE J 1937:1995, Engine testing with low-temperature charge air-cooler systems in a dynamometer test cell 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and d
36、efinitions, and symbols and abbreviations (see Table 1), apply. ISO 16183:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights reserved3.1 particulate matter PM any material collected on a specified filter medium after diluting exhaust with clean filtered air to a temperature of u 325 K (52 C), as measured at a point imme
37、diately upstream of the filter; it is primarily carbon, condensed hydrocarbons, and sulfates with associated water NOTE Regulatory agencies choosing to use ISO 16183 could adapt this definition to their particular needs. For example, US regulations after 2007 will define particulate matter at a temp
38、erature greater than 42 C and less than 52 C. 3.2 gaseous pollutant gas considered to be polluting to the atmosphere: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or non-methane hydrocarbons, or both these, oxides of nitrogen expressed in nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) equivalent, formaldehyde and methanol 3.3 partial-f
39、low dilution method process of separating a part of the raw exhaust from the total exhaust flow, then mixing it with an appropriate amount of dilution air prior to the particulate sampling filter 3.4 full-flow dilution method process of mixing dilution air with the total exhaust flow prior to separa
40、ting a fraction of the diluted exhaust stream for analysis NOTE It is common in many full flow dilution systems to dilute this fraction of pre-diluted exhaust a second time to obtain appropriate sample temperatures at the particulate filter. 3.5 specific emission mass emission expressed in grams per
41、 kilowatt hour 3.6 steady-state test cycle test cycle comprising a sequence of engine test modes in which the engine is given sufficient time to achieve defined speed, torque and stability criteria at each mode 3.7 transient test cycle test cycle comprising a sequence of normalized speed and torque
42、values that vary relatively quickly with time 3.8 response time difference in time between a rapid change of the component to be measured at the reference point and the appropriate change in the response of the measuring system, whereby the change of the measured component is at least 60 % FS (full
43、scale) and takes place within less than 0,1 s See Figure 1. NOTE 1 The system response time, t 90 , consists of the delay time to the system and of the rise time of the system. NOTE 2 The response time can vary, depending on where the reference point for the change of the component to be measured is
44、 defined: either at the sampling probe or directly at the port entrance of the analyser. For the purposes of this International Standard, the sampling probe is defined as the reference point. 3.9 delay time time between the change of the component to be measured at the reference point and a system r
45、esponse of 10 % of the final reading, t 10ISO 16183:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 3See Figure 1. NOTE 1 For the gaseous components, this is basically the transport time of the measured component from the sampling probe to the detector. NOTE 2 The delay time can vary, depending on where the re
46、ference point for the change of the component to be measured is defined: either at the sampling probe or directly at the port entrance of the analyser. For the purposes of this International Standard, the sampling probe is defined as the reference point. 3.10 rise time time between the 10 % and 90 %
47、 response of the final reading (t 90 t 10 ) See Figure 1. NOTE 1 This is the instrument response after the component to be measured has reached the instrument. NOTE 2 The rise time can vary, depending on where the reference point for the change of the component to be measured is defined: either at t
48、he sampling probe or directly at the port entrance of the analyser. For the purposes of this International Standard, the sampling probe is defined as the reference point. 3.11 transformation time time between the change of the component to be measured at the reference point and a system response of
49、50 % of the final reading, t 50See Figure 1. NOTE 1 The transformation time is used for the signal alignment of different measurement instruments. NOTE 2 The transformation time can vary, depending on where the reference point for the change of the component to be measured is defined: either at the sampling probe or directly at the port entrance of the analyser. For the purposes of this International Standard, the sampling probe is defined as the reference point. Figure 1 Definitions of system response ISO 16183:2002
