1、2015 年考研英语（一）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Though not biologically related, friends are as “related“ as fourth cousins, sha
2、ring about 1% of genes. That is【B1】_1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has【B2】_ The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted【B3】_1, 932 unique subjects which【B4】_pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated
3、strangers. The same people were used in both【B5】_ While 1 % may seem【B6】_, it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says,“Most people do not even【B7】_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who【B8】_our kin.“ The stu
4、dy【B9】_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 【B10】_, as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more【B11】_it. There could be many mechanisms wo
5、rking together that【B12】_us in choosing genetically similar friends【B13】_“functional kinship“ of being friends with【B14】_! One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 【B15】_than other genes. Studying this could help【B16】_why human evolution picked pace
6、in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major【B17】_factor. The findings do not simply explain people“s【B18】_to befriend those of similar【B19】_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to【B20】_that a
7、ll subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.（分数：40.00）(1).【B1】（分数：2.00）A.whenB.whyC.howD.what(2).【B2】（分数：2.00）A.defendedB.concludedC.withdrawnD.advised(3).【B3】（分数：2.00）A.forB.withC.onD.by(4).【B4】（分数：2.00）A.comparedB.soughtC.separatedD.connected(5).【B5】（分数：2.00）A.testsB.ob
8、jectsC.samplesD.examples(6).【B6】（分数：2.00）A.insignificantB.unexpectedC.unreliableD.incredible(7).【B7】（分数：2.00）A.visitB.missC.seekD.know(8).【B8】（分数：2.00）A.resembleB.influenceC.favorD.surpass(9).【B9】（分数：2.00）A.againB.alsoC.insteadD.thus(10).【B10】（分数：2.00）A.MeanwhileB.FurthermoreC.LikewiseD.Perhaps(11).
9、【B11】（分数：2.00）A.aboutB.toC.fromD.like(12).【B12】（分数：2.00）A.driveB.observeC.confuseD.limit(13).【B13】（分数：2.00）A.according toB.rather thanC.regardless ofD.along with(14).【B14】（分数：2.00）A.chancesB.responsesC.missionsD.benefits(15).【B15】（分数：2.00）A.laterB.slowerC.fasterD.earlier(16).【B16】（分数：2.00）A.forecast
10、B.rememberC.understandD.express(17).【B17】（分数：2.00）A.unpredictableB.contributoryC.controllableD.disruptive(18).【B18】（分数：2.00）A.endeavorB.decisionC.arrangementD.tendency(19).【B19】（分数：2.00）A.politicalB.religiousC.ethnicD.economic(20).【B20】（分数：2.00）A.seeB.showC.proveD.tell二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分
11、数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don“t abdicate, they die in their sleep.“ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the re
12、publican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles? The Spani
13、sh case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere“ politics and “embody“ a spirit of national unity. It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains mona
14、rchs, continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because
15、they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very historyand sometimes the way they behave todayembodies outdated and indefensible priv
16、ileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modem democratic states. The most successful monarchies st
17、rive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses(or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international l%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While
18、Europe“s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy“s reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style. The danger will come wit
19、h Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a serviceas non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history sh
20、ows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy“s worst enemies.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain（分数：2.00）A.used to enjoy high public support.B.was unpopular among European royals.C.eased his relationship with his rivals.D.ended his reign in embar
21、rassment.(2).Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly（分数：2.00）A.owing to their undoubted and respectable status.B.to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.C.to give voters more public figures to look up to.D.due to their everlasting political embodiment.(3).Which of the followi
22、ng is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?（分数：2.00）A.Aristocrats“ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B.The role of the nobility in modem democracies.C.The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D.The nobility“s adherence to their privileges.(4).The British royals “have most to fear“
23、 because Charles（分数：2.00）A.takes a tough line on political issues.B.fails to change his lifestyle as advised.C.takes republicans as his potential allies.D.fails to adapt himself to his future role.(5).Which of the following is the best title of the text?（分数：2.00）A.Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
24、B.Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC.Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsD.Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsJust how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a w
25、arrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argue
26、s, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California“s advice. Enough of the implications are discemable,even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and def
27、endants. They should start by discarding California“s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-a vast storehouse of digital informationis similar to, say, going through a suspect“s purse. The court has ruled that police don“t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wal
28、let or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one“s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee“s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing
29、,“ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and pro
30、tected by the Constitution“s prohibition on unreasonable searches. As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn“t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invali
31、date Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more
32、 freedom. But the justices should not swallow California“s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution“s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the estab
33、lishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.（分数：10.00）(1).The Supreme Court will work out whether,
34、during ah arrest, it is legitimate to（分数：2.00）A.prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.B.search for suspects“ mobile phones without a warrant.C.check suspects“ phone contents without being authorized.D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.(2).The author“s attitude toward Cal
35、ifornia“s argument is one of（分数：2.00）A.disapproval.B.indifference.C.tolerance.D.cautiousness.(3).The author believes that exploring one“s phone contents is comparable to（分数：2.00）A.getting into one“s residence.B.handling one“s historical records.C.scanning one“s correspondences.D.going through one“s
36、wallet.(4).In Paragraphs 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that（分数：2.00）A.principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B.the court is giving police less room for action.C.citizens“ privacy is not effectively protected.D.phones are used to store sensitive information.(5).Orin Kerr“s comparison is q
37、uoted to indicate that（分数：2.00）A.the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B.new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.C.California“s argument violates principles of the Constitution.D.principles of the Constitution should never be altered.The journal Science is adding an ex
38、tra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research finding
39、s. “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,“ writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scr
40、utiny by the journal“s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the “stat
41、istics board“ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science“s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.“ Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a
42、 member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.“ He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Scienc
43、e itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.“ John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward“ and “long overdue.“ “Most journals are weak in statistical rev
44、iew, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,statistical review is more essential than expert review,“ he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Assoc
45、iation and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review. Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux,a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 20
46、12, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.“ Vaux says that Science“s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to ident
47、ify “the papers that need scrutiny“ in the first place.“（分数：10.00）(1).It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that（分数：2.00）A.Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.B.journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.D.lack of data ana
48、lysis is common in research projects.(2).The phrase “flagged up“(Para. 2)is the closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.found.B.marked.C.revised.D.stored.(3).Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may（分数：2.00）A.pose a threat to all its peers.B.meet with strong opposition.C.increase Science“s circulation.D.set an example for other journals.(4).David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now（分数：2.00）A.adds to researchers“ workload.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to
