1、北京航天航空大学考博英语-试卷 1 及答案解析(总分：132.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for p
2、eople who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists. “ And these
3、 “generalists“ are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other peoples work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique
4、and tools. He is a “trained“ man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist and especially the administrator deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated“ man; and the humanities are his str
5、ongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find o
6、ut, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly. Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to ho
7、ld any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.（分数：10.00）(1).There is an increasing demand for_.（分数：2.00）A.all round people in their own fieldsB.people wh
8、ose job is to organize other peoples workC.generalists whose educational background is either technical or professionalD.specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others(2).The specialist is_.（分数：2.00）A.a man whose job is to train other peopleB.a man who has been train
9、ed in more than one fieldsC.a man who can see the forest rather than the treesD.a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters(3).The administrator is_.（分数：2.00）A.a “trained“ man who is more a specialist than a generalistB.a man who sees the trees as well as the forestC.a man w
10、ho is very strong in the humanitiesD.a man who is an “educated“ specialist(4).During your training period, it is important_.（分数：2.00）A.to try to be a generalistB.to choose a profitable jobC.to find an organization which fits youD.to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist(5).A
11、mans first job_.（分数：2.00）A.is never the right job for himB.should not be regarded as his final jobC.should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any jobD.is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the
12、action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product the
13、yre looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,“ says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by condu
14、cting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to
15、 “pull“ customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push“ information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a
16、continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to
17、 customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the scr
18、een uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a
19、 Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years fro
20、m now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（分数：10.00）(1).We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business_.（分数：2.00）A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.tried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one ye
21、ar or so(2).Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established
22、partners(3).In the view of Net purists, _.（分数：2.00）A.there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information without requests(4).We learn f
23、rom the last paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost o
24、f computing power(5).What is the meaning of “customize“ in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.custom-makeB.modifyC.tailorD.changeThe relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly nece
25、ssary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building
26、 new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity
27、and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U. S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes o
28、f the poor U. S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U. S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts as a result of the traini
29、ng that U. S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building indus
30、trys work. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers
31、 10, 000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanitys productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment
32、pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be a
33、ble to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary,
34、 constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is.（分数：10.00）(1).The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries_（分数：2.00）A.is subject to groundless doubts.B.has fallen victim of bias.C.is conventionally downg
35、raded.D.has been overestimated.(2).It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education system_（分数：2.00）A.challenges economists and politicians.B.takes efforts of generations.C.demands priority from the government.D.requires sufficient labor force.(3).A major difference between the J
36、apanese and U. S workforces is that_（分数：2.00）A.the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.B.the Japanese workforce is more productive.C.the U. S workforce has a better education.D.the U. S workforce is more organized.(4).The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged
37、_（分数：2.00）A.when people had enough time.B.prior to better ways of finding food.C.when people on longer went hungry.D.as a result of pressure on government.(5).According to the last paragraph, development of education_（分数：2.00）A.results directly from competitive environments.B.does not depend on econ
38、omic performance.C.follows improved productivity.D.cannot afford political changes.The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid“ media such as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role, companies toda
39、y can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “ owned“ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Website. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and
40、 owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Website.
41、 We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend , which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels an
42、d will no doubt go further. Johnson she had observed him playing vigorously with his friends throughout the day, without the slightest indication of illness.（分数：2.00）A.indefensibleB.comprehensiveC.correctiveD.surreptitious8.Scientists study how parents and their babies_, to better understand how inf
43、ants learn.（分数：2.00）A.interchangeB.interrelateC.intercourseD.interact9.If you are seeking_that will resolve all our ailments, you are undertaking an impossible task.（分数：2.00）A.precedentB.panaceaC.an abstractionD.a direction10.Developmental psychologists often cite yelling at children as_and a poor w
44、ay to help them learn.（分数：2.00）A.benignB.diagnosticC.inefficaciousD.therapeutic11.Id rather you_so rudely to her.（分数：2.00）A.dont speakB.wont speakC.should not speakD.didnt speak12.Today many kinds of electrical_are available, which has made housework much easier than before.（分数：2.00）A.facilitiesB.ap
45、pliancesC.instrumentsD.equipment13.The author is going to_his play for television.（分数：2.00）A.addB.adoptC.adaptD.adjust14._for your help, Id never have been able to achieve such a success.（分数：2.00）A.If I had not beenB.Had it not beenC.If it were notD.Had it not15.With all its advantages, the computer
46、 is by no means without its_.（分数：2.00）A.boundariesB.limitationsC.confinementsD.restraints16.Im afraid I cant_you_; youll have to go to a hotel.（分数：2.00）A.put .upB.pick . upC.pull . upD.wake . up17.The guests said that they wouldnt mind_.（分数：2.00）A.to have a little light musicB.having a little light
47、musicC.have a little light musicD.if they have a little light music18.Although this area is very poor just now, its_wealth is great.（分数：2.00）A.previousB.profoundC.potentialD.primary19.He ran quickly to the classroom, two books_under his arm.（分数：2.00）A.to be holdB.heldC.were heldD.holding20.We must t
48、ry our best to lower the cost of our products. Otherwise the high cost will_our profit.（分数：2.00）A.cut offB.cut inC.cut shortD.cut into三、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：40.00)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Co
49、chran is【C1】_to say it anyway. He is that【C2】_bird, a scientist who works independently【C3】_any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not【C4】_thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 【C5】_he, however, might tremble at the【C6】_of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientis
