1、考博英语-576 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)While the polltakers are most widely known for their political surveys, the greatest part of their work is on behalf of American business. There are three kinds of commercial surveys. One is a public relations research, such as
2、that done for banks, which finds out how the public feels about a company. Another is employee-attitude research, which learns from rank-and-file workers how they really feel about their jobs and their bosses, and which can avert strikes by getting to the bottom of grievances quickly. The third, and
3、 probably most spectacular, is marketing research, testing public receptivity to products and designs. The investment a company must make for a new product is enormous-$ 5,000,000 to $ 10,000,000, for instance, for just one new product. Through the surveys a company can discover in advance what obje
4、ctions the public has to competing products, and whether it really wants a new one. These surveys are actually a new set of signals permitting better communication between business and the general public-letting them talk to each other. Such communication is vital in a complex society like our own.
5、Without it, we would have not only tremendous waste but the industrial anarchy of countless new unwanted products appearing and disappearing.（分数：8.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.The PolltakerB.Business Asks QuestionsC.Behind the Scenes in Bus
6、inessD.Our Complex Business World(2).The passage states that polls can benefit industry by _.（分数：2.00）A.reducing wasteB.establishing fair pricesC.strengthening peoples faith in businessD.saving small businesses(3).This paragraph is developed by means of _.（分数：2.00）A.cause and effectB.contrastC.illus
7、trationsD.anecdotes(4).Which is not mentioned as an area in which polls have been conducted?（分数：2.00）A.New products.B.Politics.C.Public relations.D.Family relationships.Another example of the exercise of power by Congress was the action it took during the Reconstruction Period after the Civil War. I
8、t has already been noted that President Johnson favored a lenient policy toward the South and attempted to carry out Lincolns “10 percent plan“. He pardoned most of the Southern leaders and permitted them to restore their state governments. They were permitted to elect Senators and Representatives.C
9、ongress, however, led by the Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, had other ideas about the handing of the defeated Confederacy. Congress favored punitive policies. The South should be treated as conquered territory, and its readmission should be handled by Congress rather than the President. Congre
10、ss opposed the “Johnson Governments“ and the “Black Codes“ passed by Southern states which virtually restored former slaves to their masters. Accordingly, it passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This measure divided the South into five military districts and provided that a seceded state would be
11、readmitted in the Union only after it had ratified the 14th Amendment which provided that all persons born or naturalized in the United States should be citizens of the United States and of the state in which they resided, granted equality before the law to all persons, and prohibited a state from d
12、epriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Congress also barred rebel leaders from federal office, repudiated the Confederate debt, and reduced the representation of states which barred qualified persons from voting. Later it adopted the 15th Amendement guaranteein
13、g the Negroes the right to vote.Johnson vigorously opposed these measures. He vetoed the Reconstruction Act and others, only to see Congress repass them over his veto. After such passage of the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson, believing it unconstitutional, violated it and removed a member of his Cabi
14、net without consulting Congress. The House of Representatives proceeded to impeach Johnson. The Senate, however, failed, by one vote, to reach the two-thirds majority necessary for his removal.（分数：8.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.The Impeachm
15、ent of President JohnsonB.The Reconstruction PeriodC.Conflict between President Johnson and CongressD.A Lenient President(2).We can infer that _.（分数：2.00）A.Johnson believed that the Reconstruction Act of 1867 carried out Lincolns “10 percent plan“B.Johnson exceeded his authority by removing a Cabine
16、t member without consulting CongressC.Johnson failed to be impeached by one voteD.Johnson was less tolerant of the South than Congress was(3).Which of the following statements is not true according to this passage?（分数：2.00）A.President Johnson displayed a liberal attitude toward the defeated Southern
17、 states.B.The attitude of retaliation was sponsored by Thaddeus Stevens.C.The “due process“ clause is part of the 15th Amendment.D.The House of Representatives has the power to impeach a President.(4).The Reconstruction Act of 1867 _.（分数：2.00）A.endorsed the “Black Codes“B.was vetoed by the President
18、C.utilized Lincolns “10 percent plan“D.was declared unconstitutional by the President“The highest merit we ascribe to Moses, Plato, and Milton,“ says Emerson, “is that they set at nought books and traditions, and spoke not what men thought but what they thought. A man should learn to detect and watc
19、h that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the luster of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought because it is his. In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts; they come back to us with a certain alienated maje
20、sty.“ It is strange that any one who has recognized the individuality of all works of lasting influence should not also recognize the fact that his own individuality ought to be steadfastly preserved. As Emerson says in continuation, “Great works of art have no more affecting lesson for us than this
21、. They teach us to abide by our spontaneous impressions with goodhumored inflexibility, then most when the whole cry of voices is on the other side. Else tomorrow a stranger will say with masterful good sense precisely what we have thought and felt all the time, and we shall be forced to take with s
22、hame our opinion from another.“ Accepting the opinions of another and the tastes of another is very different from agreement in opinion and taste. Originality is independence, not rebellion. It is sincerity, not antagonism. Whatever you believe to be true and false, that proclaim to be true and fals
23、e. Whatever you think admirable and beautiful, that should be your model, even if all your friends and all the critics storm at you as a crotchet-monger and an eccentric. Whether the public will feel its truth and beauty at once, or after long years, or never cease to regard it as paradox and ugline
24、ss, no man can foresee. Enough for you to know that you have done your best, have been true to yourself, and that the utmost power inherent in your work has been displayed.（分数：8.00）(1).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.What Emerson SaidB.Individualism
25、in WritingC.Doing Your BestD.Great Works of Art(2).The greatness of Moses, Plato and Milton _.（分数：2.00）A.is based on their reliance on books and traditionsB.is revealed in their works of geniusC.demonstrates a certain inalienated majestyD.is found in their expression of their own thoughts(3).All wor
26、ks of lasting value possess the quality of _.（分数：2.00）A.individualityB.honestyC.beautyD.eccentricity(4).The authors advice to writers may be summed up as _.（分数：2.00）A.imitating Moses, Plato, and MiltonB.giving the public what it wantsC.being originalD.believing in your own reasoning and emotionsThe
27、Quechua world is submerged, so to speak, in a cosmic magma that weighs heavily upon it. It possesses the rare quality of being as it were interjected into the midst of antagonistic forces, which in turn implies a whole body of social and aesthetic structures whose innermost meaning must be the admin
28、istration of energy. This gives rise to the social organism known as the ayllu, the agrarian community that regulates the procurement of food. The ayllu formed the basic structure of the whole Inca empire.The central idea of this organization was a kind of closed economy, just the opposite of our ec
29、onomic practices, which can be described as open. The closed economy rested on the fact that the Inca controlled both the production and consumption of food. When one adds to this fact the religious ideas noted in the Quechua texts cited by the chronicler Santa Cruz Pachacuti, one comes to the concl
30、usion that in the Andean zone the margin of life was minimal and was made possible only by the system of magic the Quechua constructed through his religion. Adversities, moreover, were numerous, for the harvest might fail at any time and bring starvation to millions. Hence the whole purpose of the Q
31、uechua administrative and ideological system was to carry on the arduous task of achieving abundance and staving off shortages. This kind of a structure presupposes a state of unremitting anxiety, which could not be resolved by action. The Quechua could not do so because his primordial response to p
32、roblems was the use of magic, that is, recourse to the unconscious for the solution of external problems. Thus the struggle against the world was a struggle against the dark depths of the Quechuas own psyche, where the solution was found. By overcoming the unconscious, the outer world was also vanqu
33、ished.These considerations permit us to classify Quechua culture as absolutely static or, more accurately, as the expression of a mere state of being. Only in this way can we understand the refuge it took in the germinative center of the cosmic mandala as revealed by Quechua art. The Quechua empire
34、was nothing more than a mandala, for it was divided into four zones, with Cuzco in the center. Here the Quechua ensconced himself to contemplate the decline of the world as though it were caused by an alien and autonomous force.（分数：8.00）(1).The Quechua world _.（分数：2.00）A.was darkB.was primarily econ
35、omicC.may be placed in primitive South AmericaD.was located in Mexico(2).The ayllu _.（分数：2.00）A.controlled the production and distribution foodB.was an open economyC.was based on understanding the environmentD.was an example of a mandala(3).We may conclude that the Quechua world was _.（分数：2.00）A.unc
36、ivilizedB.highly introspectiveC.extremely dynamicD.free of major worries(4).The author calls the Quechua empire a mandala because _.（分数：2.00）A.it was agrarianB.it was superstitiousC.a closed economy prevailedD.it was divided into four zonesInvestment in the public sector, such as electricity, irriga
37、tion, quarrying, public services and transport (excluding vehicles, ships and planes) increased by about 10%, although the emphasis moved to transport and away from the other sectors mentioned. Trade and services recorded a 16 -17 % investment growth, including a 30% increase in investment in busine
38、ss premises. Industrial investment is estimated to have risen by 8%. Although the share of agriculture in total gross investment in the economy continued to decline, investment grew by 9% in absolute terms, largely spurred on by a 23% expansion of investment in agricultural equipment. Housing constr
39、uction had 12% more invested in it in 1964, not so much owing to increased demand, as to fears of impending new taxes and limitation of building.Total consumption in real terms rose by close on 11% during 1964, and per capita personal consumption by under 7%, as in 1963. The undesirable trend toward
40、s a rapid rise in consumption, evident in previous years, remained unaltered. Since at current prices consumption rose by 16% and disposable income by 13%, there was evidently a fall in the rate of saving in the private sector of the economy. Once again consumption patterns indicated a swift advance
41、 in the standard of living. Expenditure on food, especially bread and staple items, declined in significance, although consumption of fruit increased. Outlay on furniture and household equipment, health, eduction and recreation continued to increase. The greatest proof of altered living standards wa
42、s the rapid expansion of expenditure on transport (including private cars) and personal services of all kinds, which occurred during 1964. The progressive affluence of large sectors of the public was demonstrated by the changing composition of durable goods purchased. Saturation point was rapidly be
43、ing approached for items such as the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric refrigerators, whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets were registered.（分数：8.00）(1).From this passage, we may infer that the people of the country were _.（分数：2.00）A.spending more money than
44、they earnB.investing and consuming at an accelerated paceC.saving more money than previouslyD.spending their money wisely(2).The author calls the trend towards a rapid rise in consumption “undesirable“ because _.（分数：2.00）A.expenditures on frills and luxuries increasedB.the standard of living was ris
45、ingC.people were eating lessD.people were saving less(3).We may conclude that the country being discussed is not the United States _.（分数：2.00）A.because expenditures for food declinedB.from the statement that the saturation point was rapidly being approached for first household radiosC.because no men
46、tion is made of military expendituresD.because the people were affluent(4).The area of greatest expenditure of investment funds occurred in _.（分数：2.00）A.the public sectorB.business premisesC.housing constructionD.a field which cannot be determined二、Part English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：20.00)21. We might be i
47、nclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude
48、that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together.What distinguishes the language of science fro
49、m languages, as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as
