1、考研英语-121 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Everything seemed to have become a weapon of war. Our enemies hadU (1) /Uthe most familiar objectsU (2) /Uus, turned shaving kits into holsters and airplanesU (3) /Umissiles and soccer coaches and newlyweds into involuntary suicide
2、bombers. So it wasU (4) /Uthe President and his generals to plot the response.That is because we areU (5) /Uone enemy but two: one unseen, the other inside. Terror on this scaleU (6) /Uto wreck the way we live our lives-make us flinch when a siren sounds,U (7) /Uwhen a door slams and think twice bef
3、ore decidingU (8) /Uwe really have to take a plane. If we falter, they win,U (9) /Uthey never plant another bomb. So after the early helplessness, what can I do? Ive already given blood-people started to realize thatU (10) /Uthey could do was exactly, as precisely as possible,U (11) /Uthey would hav
4、e done if all thisU (12) /U.That was the spiritU (13) /Uin New York and Washington and all across the country, faith and fear and resolve in a tight braid. Because the killers who hate us did theU (14) /U, nothing is unthinkable now. A plume of grill smoke venting from a Manhattan steak houseU (15)
5、/Uthe evacuation of midtown office towers. After the PentagonU (16) /U, generals called their families and told themU (17) /Uthe water, it could be poisoned. Sales of guns and gas masks spiked. The National Football LeagueU (18) /Uits games for the first time ever; bomb scares emptied 90 sites on Th
6、ursday in New York CityU (19) /U. People wore sneakers with their suitsU (20) /Uthey had to fly fast down the stairs.（分数：10.00）A.usedB.changeC.appliedD.turnedA.fightB.struggleC.againstD.oppositeA.toB.outC.intoD.withA.fromB.forC.byD.up toA.fighting notB.not fightingC.not to fightD.not foughtA.meansB.
7、is meantC.meantD.is meaningA.jumpB.jumpingC.jumpedD.to jumpA.ifB.whetherC.whenD.howA.ifB.evenC.untilD.even ifA.whatB.thatC.whichD.whoA.wheneverB.whoeverC.whateverD.howeverA.did not happenB.hadnt happenedC.havent happenedD.would not happenedA.buildB.builtC.buildingD.has builtA.thoughtlessB.unthinkabl
8、eC.thoughtD.thoughtfulA.leadingB.ledC.leads toD.leading toA.hitB.was hitC.attackingD.being attackedA.not to drinkB.to drink notC.not drinkD.drink notA.forbadeB.prohibitedC.canceledD.cut downA.onlyB.justC.merelyD.aloneA.in caseB.whenC.so long asD.if only二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BText 1/BEveryb
9、ody loathes it, but everybody does it A recent poll showed that 20% of Americans hate the practice. It seems so arbitrary, after all. Why does a barman get a tip, but not a doctor who saves lives?In America alone, tipping is now a $ 16 billion-a-year industry. Consumers acting rationally ought not t
10、o pay more than they have to for a given service. Tips should not exist. So why do they? The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality. The better the service, the bigger the tip.Such explanations no doubt explain the pur
11、ported origin of tipping-in the 16th century, boxes in English taverns carried the phrase “To Insure Promptitude“ (later just “TIP“) . But according to new research from Cornell University, tipping no longer serves any useful function.The paper analyses data from 2, 327 groups dining at 20 different
12、 restaurants. The correlation between larger tips and better service was very weak: only a tiny part of the variability in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as “excellent“ still tipped anywhere between 8% and 17% of the meal price.Tipping
13、is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom has become institutionalized: it is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get 15-20%, the man
14、 who delivers your groceries2. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on at all.How to account for these national differences? Look no further than psycholo
15、gy. According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell papers co-author, countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves anxiety about being served by strangers. And, says Mr. Lynn, “In America, where people are outgoing and expressive, tipping is about soci
16、al approval, ff you tip badly, people think less of you. Tipping well is a chance to show off.“ Icelanders, by contrast, do not usually tip-a measure of their introversion, no doubt.While such explanations may be crude, the hard truth seems to be that tipping does not work. It does not benefit the c
17、ustomer. Nor, in the case of restaurants, does it actually stimulate the waiter, or help the restaurant manager to monitor and assess his staff. Service people should “just be paid a decent wage“ which may actually make economic sense.（分数：10.00）(1).It is implied in the passage that_.（分数：2.00）A.it is
18、 a universal regular for the customers to pay a tip for good serviceB.there exists the tipping custom in each countryC.in some countries, tipping has become an industryD.more and more people are in favor of tipping(2).What can we know about the origin of “tip“?（分数：2.00）A.It originated from the Engli
19、sh inn service.B.The original purpose of tip was to ensure that waiter could get more money.C.The waiter threatened the customers with bad service if no tips were given.D.It originated in a small English village.(3).We can get the information from the article that_.（分数：2.00）A.tipping is very popular
20、 in European countriesB.in Asian countries tipping never existedC.tipping is more popular in America than in EuropeD.tipping is popular in America because the Americans are much richer(4).People who dine in a New York restaurant_.（分数：2.00）A.are not expected to give any tip to the waiter or waitressB
21、.had better tip more than 15% so as not to be shamedC.may be looked down upon when offering a considerable tipD.are thought of as generous if they tip 15%(5).The author thinks that_.（分数：2.00）A.tipping can benefit greatly a countrys economic growthB.tipping can ensure the quality of service a custome
22、r receivesC.tipping can improve a countrys cultural environmentD.tipping is not conductive tertiary industryBText 2/BLike street comer prophets proclaiming that tile end is near, scientists who study the earths atmosphere have been issuing predictions of impending doom for the past few years without
23、 offering any concrete proof. So far even the experts have had to admit that no solid evidence has emerged that this is anything but a natural phenomenon. And the uncertainty has given skeptics-especially Gingrichian politicians-plenty of ammunition to argue against taking the difficult, expensive s
24、teps required to stave off a largely hypothetical calamity.Until now, A draft report currently circulating on the Internet asserts that the global temperature rise can now be blamed, at least in part, on human activity. Statements like this have been made before by individual researchers-who have be
25、en criticized for going too far beyond the scientific consensus. But this report comes from the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a respected UN sponsored body made up of more than 1,300 leading climate experts from 40 nations. This shift in scientific consensus is based not so much on n
26、ew data as on improvements in the complex computer models that climatologists use to test their theories. Unlike chemists or molecular biologists, climate experts have no way to do lab experiments on their specialty. So they simulate them on supercomputers and look at what happens when human generat
27、ed gases-carbon dioxide from industry and auto exhaust, methane from agriculture, chlorofluoro carbons from leaky refrigerators and spray cans-are pumped into the models virtual atmospheres.Until recently, the computer models werent working very well. When the scientists tried to simulate what they
28、believe has been happening over the past century or so, the results didnt mesh with reality; the models said the world should now he warmer than it actually is. The reason is that the computer models had been overlooking an important factor affecting global temperatures: sulfur dioxides that are pro
29、duced along with CO2 when fossil fuels are burned in cars and power plants. Aerosols actually cool the planet by blocking sunlight and mask the effects of global warmning. Once the scientists factored in aerosols, their models began looking more like the real world. The improved performance of the s
30、imulations was demonstrated in 1991, when they successfully predicted temperature changes in the aftermath of the massive Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines. A number of studies since have added to the scientists confidence that they finally know what they are talking about-and can predict w
31、hat may happen if greenhouse gases continue to be pumped into the atmosphere unchecked.（分数：10.00）(1).Gingrichian politicians reluctant to address the problem because_.（分数：2.00）A.they think it is anything but a natural phenomenonB.the efforts may turn to be too difficult and expensiveC.they think the
32、 predicted disaster is only hypotheticalD.some scientists have gone too far beyond the scientific consensus(2).A draft report currently circulating on the Internet_.（分数：2.00）A.confirms humans are partly responsible for global temperature riseB.criticizes some individual researchers for going too far
33、 from scientific truthC.reports a respected UN sponsored bodyD.arouses the interest of more than 1,500 leading climate experts(3).The new findings about global climate change are based on_.（分数：2.00）A.new dataB.the virtual modelsC.lab experimentsD.scientists observation(4).The computer models failed
34、to picture reality because_.（分数：2.00）A.they only simulate what has happened over the past centuryB.they are wrongly programmedC.scientists didnt take aerosols into considerationD.too many chemicals are produced along with CO2(5).The simulated computer models are proved reliable when_.（分数：2.00）A.an i
35、mportant factor affecting global temperature is included in the simulationsB.an increasing number of scientists show confidence in the computer modelsC.they successfully predicted temperature changes after a volcano eruptionD.a number of studies produce more positive resultsBText 3/BA patent is an e
36、xclusive right given to an inventor for his or her invention. In other words, a patent is a monopoly right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires, in the United States, patents are granted by
37、 the Patent Office for 17 years. Although economists generally condemn monopoly as a form of market organization since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified?In general, economists complain about
38、 the costs of monopoly because they believe that the same industry could be organized competitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamen
39、tally, invention versus no invention. Is the world better off with the invention, even though it is monopolized for 17 years? In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent?Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposu
40、re process. The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system? First, there is
41、the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention. In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, t
42、heory of monopoly helps us to assess the costs and benefits of the patent. One can quibble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time.In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect
43、 it is a valuable System for the economy. The patent system also underscores the importance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress.（分数：10.00）(1).The first paragraph mainly_.（分数：2.00）A.focuses on business monopolyB.tells us about the patent system in AmericaC.discusse
44、s a special form of market organizationD.defines what a patent is and its function(2).The second paragraph suggests strongly_.（分数：2.00）A.the contradictory nature of the patent systemB.the importance of the patent systemC.the benefits of the patent systemD.the monopoly of the patent system(3).The cos
45、ts of the patent monopoly_.（分数：2.00）A.are measured by how much the consumers have lost in 17 yearsB.are measured by what the consumers have lost in 17 yearsC.can be determined by the lost consumers surplus from the 17 year patent monopolyD.should be determined in the context of an invention(4).What
46、benefit can the patent system offer when the patent expires?（分数：2.00）A.An increase in consumer well-being.B.A reduced price for consumers.C.Higher productivity.D.The promotion of a desirable invention.(5).The patent system is valuable for the economy in that_.（分数：2.00）A.it creates goods and services
47、 and technologies that did not exist previouslyB.it gives an incentive to the inventor to publicize his research findingsC.it highlights the importance of property rights to ideasD.it is a source of economic growth and progressBText 4/BMost of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, an
48、d approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is interesting for a number of masons. Apart from curiosity abo
49、ut the level of animals understanding, research on serf- recognition in animals has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of serf-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds o
