1、考研英语-135 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Until about four decades ago, crop yields in agricultural systems depended onU (1) /Uresources, recycling organic matter, built-in biological control mechanisms and rainfall patterns. Agricultural yields wereU (2) /Ubut stable. Prod
2、uction wasU (3) /Uby growing more than one crop or variety in space and time in a field as insurance against pestU (4) /Uor severe weather. Inputs of nitrogen wereU (5) /Uby rotating major field crops with legumes. In turn, rotations suppressed insects, weeds and diseases by effectivelyU (6) /Uthe l
3、ife cycles of these pests. A typical corn belt farmer grew cornU (7) /Uwith several crops including soybeans, and small grain production was intrinsic to maintain livestock. Most of the labor was done by the family with occasional hired help and noU (8) /Uequipment or services were purchased from of
4、f4arm sources. In these type of farming systems the link between agriculture and ecology was quiteU (9) /Uand signs of environment degradation were seldom evident.But as agriculture modernizationU (10) /Uthe ecology-farming linkage was often broken as ecological principles wereU (11) /U. In fact, se
5、veral agricultural scientists have arrived at aU (12) /Uconsensus that modem agriculture confronts an environment crisis. A growing number of people have become concerned about the long-termU (13) /Uof existing food production systems. Evidence has shown thatU (14) /Uthe present capital-and-technolo
6、gy-intensive fanning systems have been extremely productive and competitive, they also bring aU (15) /Uof economic, environmental and social problems.Evidence also shows that the very nature of the agricultural structure and prevailing polices have led to this environmentalU (16) /Uby favoring large
7、 farm size, specialized production, crop monocultures and mechanization. Today as more and more farmers are integratedU (17) /Uinternational economies, imperatives toU (18) /Udisappear and monocultures are rewarded by economies of scale. In turn, lack of rotations and diversificationU (19) /Ukey sel
8、f-regulating mechanisms, turning monocultures into highlyU (20) /Uagro-ecosystems dependent on high chemical inputs.（分数：10.00）A.externalB.internalC.exportedD.importedA.smallB.equivalentC.modestD.maximumA.safeguardedB.ensuredC.hinderedD.disturbedA.breakthroughB.outburstC.sprawlD.outbreakA.gainedB.pro
9、ducedC.offeredD.providedA.recyclingB.improvingC.breakingD.repeatingA.integratedB.rotatedC.combinedD.cooperatedA.specificB.specialC.specializedD.especialA.weakB.compactC.remoteD.strongA.progressedB.processedC.provokedD.prolongedA.followedB.appliedC.ignoredD.overestimatedA.generalB.commonC.uniqueD.usu
10、alA.conservationB.enduranceC.progressD.sustainabilityA.asB.whereasC.despiteD.becauseA.varietyB.numberC.quantityD.mixtureA.situationB.protectionC.crisisD.issueA.withB.toC.atD.intoA.diversionB.diversityC.diseaseD.specializationA.take awayB.take inC.take offD.take upA.efficientB.proficientC.intensiveD.
11、vulnerable二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BText 1/BPrudent investors learned long ago that putting your eggs into lots of baskets reduces risk. Conservationists have now hit on a similar idea: a population of endangered animals will have a better chance of survival if it is divided into interconnect
12、ed groups. The prospects of the species will be better because the chance that all the constituent subpopulations will die out at the same time is low. And, in the long term, it matters little if one or two groups do disappear, because immigrants from better-faring patches will eventually re-establi
13、sh the species old haunts.One endangered species divided in just this way is the worlds rarest carnivore, the Ethiopian wolf, which lives high in the meadows of the Bale Mountains. Just 350 exist in three pockets of meadow connected by narrow valleys in the Bale Mountains National Park, with a furth
14、er 150 outside this area.Two of the main threats to the Ethiopian wolf come from diseases carried by domestic dogs. One of these, rabies, is of particular concern because it is epidemic in the dog population. At first blush, vaccinating the wolves against rabies seems a simple solution. It would be
15、ambitious, because the prevailing thinking - that all individuals matter and therefore all outbreaks of disease should be completely halted - implies that a large proportion of wolves would need to be vaccinated.Dan Haydon, of the University of Glasgow, and his colleagues believe that conservation b
16、iologists should think differently. With the exception of humans, species are important but individuals are not. Some outbreaks of disease can be tolerated. In a paper published this week in Nature, they recast the mathematics of vaccination with this in mind.On epidemiologists standard assumption t
17、hat every individual counts, vaccination programmes are intended to prevent epidemics by ensuring that each infected animal, on average, passes the disease on to less than one healthy animal. This implies that around two-thirds of all the wolves would need to be vaccinated. A programme that sought t
18、o save a species rather than individuals would allow each infected wolf to pass the disease on to more than one healthy animal and hence require fewer vaccinations. Dr Haydon and his colleagues have calculated, using data from a rabies outbreak in 2003, that vaccinating between 10% and 25% would suf
19、fice, provided veterinarians gave jabs to those wolves living in the narrow valleys that connect the subpopulations.If the threat of rabies arose every five years, targeting all the wolves in the corridors would cut the risk of extinction over a 20-year period by fourfold. If this were backed up by
20、vaccinating a mere 10% of the wolves in the three connected meadows, the chance of extinction would drop to less than one in 1,000. Saving a few seems to be an efficient way of protecting the many.（分数：10.00）(1).By citing prudent investors idea, the author wants to illustrate that（分数：2.00）A.conservat
21、ionists got inspirations from it.B.endangered animals can be protected in a similar way.C.the prospects of some species depend on conservation.D.the subpopulations will die without being put into different groups.(2).The Ethiopian wolf（分数：2.00）A.is facing the risk of extinction as the rarest carnivo
22、re.B.is separated into three groups to achieve survival.C.lives in narrow valleys in the Bale Mountains.D.has altogether 350 alive in the world.(3).The idea that nearly all the wolves would need to be vaccinated（分数：2.00）A.is due to that rabies carried by dogs is epidemic.B.is very easy to be realize
23、d by local medical administration.C.is based on the thinking that every wolf is necessarily protected.D.is supported by Dan Haydon of the University of Glasgow.(4).From the last two paragraphs, we know that（分数：2.00）A.if each individual counts, one-third of wolves have to be vaccinated.B.Dr. Haydon p
24、roved epidemiologists standard assumption is right.C.to vaccinate 10% to 25% of wolves living in the connected meadows is enough.D.it takes 20 years to reduce risk of extinction if all the wolves are targeted.(5).The main purpose of the text is to（分数：2.00）A.show the dangers Ethiopian wolves are faci
25、ng with.B.inform people of the prospects Ethiopian wolves.C.teach how to divide Ethiopian wolves into groups.D.tell how to protect Ethiopian wolves from rabies.BText 2/BConventional wisdom says trees are good for the environment. They absorb carbon dioxide - a greenhouse gas - from the atmosphere an
26、d store it as carbon while releasing oxygen. The roots of trees have been thought to trap sediments and nutrients in the soil, keeping nearby rivers free flowing . Trees have also been credited with steadying the flow of these rivers, keeping it relatively constant through wet and dry seasons, thus
27、preventing both drought and flooding. Pernicious nonsense, conclude two pieces of research published this week.The first, a four-year international study led by researchers at the University of Newcastle, in Britain, and the Free University of Amsterdam, identifies several myths about the link betwe
28、en forests and water. For example, in arid and semi-arid areas, trees consume far more water than they trap. And it is not the trees that catch sediment and nutrients, and steady the flow of the rivers, but the fact that the soil has not been compressed.The World Commission on Water estimates that t
29、he demand for water will increase by around 50% in the next 30 years. Moreover, around 4 billion people - one half of the worlds population - will live in conditions of severe water stress, meaning they will not have enough water for drinking and washing to stay healthy, by 2025.The government of So
30、uth Africa has been taking a tough approach to trees since it became the first to treat water as a basic human right in 1998. In a scheme praised by the hydrologists, the state penalizes forestry companies for preventing this water reaching rivers and underground aquifers. In India, large tree-plant
31、ing schemes not only lose valuable water but dim the true problem identified by the hydrologists: the unregulated removal of water from aquifers to irrigate crops. Farmers need no permit to drill a borehole and, as most farmers receive free electricity, there is little economic control on the volume
32、 of water pumped. So a report of Britains Department for International Development concludes that there is no scientific evidence that forests increase or stabilize water flow in arid or semi-arid areas. It recommends that, if water shortages are a problem, governments should impose limits on forest
33、 plantation.The second piece of research looked at how long the forests of the Amazon basin cling on to carbon. Growing trees consume carbon dioxide and it was thought that only when the tree died, perhaps hundreds of years later, would the carbon be returned to the atmosphere. No such luck. In a pa
34、per published in Nature this week, a team of American and Brazilian scientists found that trees were silently returning the carbon after just five years. Before taking an axe to trees, however, consider the merits of the tropical rainforests.（分数：10.00）(1).It is thought traditionally that trees（分数：2.
35、00）A.can improve the quality of atmosphere.B.may lead to slow flowing of rivers.C.will help wet and dry seasons to be unchanged.D.are able to remove carbon from the soil.(2).What result has the first research found?（分数：2.00）A.The roots of trees can save nutrients in the soil.B.The trees can steady t
36、he flow of the rivers.C.In the next 30 years, the water demand will add by around 50%.D.Trees trap much less water than they consume in arid areas.(3).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.South Africa regards planting trees as a basic human right.B.India had a lot of probl
37、ems when carrying out the tree-planting schemes.C.South Africa will punish those forestry companies that cut trees.D.Indian farmers can drill as many boreholes as they want.(4).The second research proved that（分数：2.00）A.the life span of trees in the Amazon basin is much longer than others.B.trees con
38、sume carbon dioxide until they die.C.it takes hundreds of years for trees to purify atmosphere.D.the carbon that trees consumed may return to the atmosphere in five years.(5).The main idea of the text is that（分数：2.00）A.trees return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere after they consume them.B.planting
39、trees can worsen drought and fail to tackle climate change.C.water demand will increase and many people will live in conditions of severe water stress.D.South Africa and India need to limit planting trees and forestry industry to save water.BText 3/BFor most of us, work is the central, dominating fa
40、ct of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as Well. It is sometimes said that because leisur
41、e has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner; that because work is intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredoms and frustrations by concentrating their hopes on the other part of. their lives. I reject that as a counsel of des
42、pair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide will continue to play a. vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; onl
43、y for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative.Inequality at work and in work still is one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We can not hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly
44、 or indirectly from the inequality at work. Still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society.The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abil
45、ities. They are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control over their own and the others working lives. Most important of all, they have the opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, work is a boring, monotonous, even painful experience. They spe
46、nd all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable for themselves by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so d
47、esigned that workers are simple part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. As a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it
48、is in public or in private ownership.（分数：10.00）(1).Its true about work that（分数：2.00）A.whether you are happy in life largely depends on whether your work is rewarding.B.leisure becomes more and more important than work.C.people should try to avoid the intolerable unfairness of work.D.concentrating on
49、 your work is a counsel when you are in despair.(2).To solve our industrial problems, the author thinks we need（分数：2.00）A.equality in salaries.B.a reduction in the work time.C.an improvement in moral standards.D.a more equal distribution of responsibility.(3).What advantages do managers have over the other workers?（分数：2.00）A.They will not lose their jobs.B.They may work at whatever int
