1、考研英语-15 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet 1.On the afternoon of April 19th, 1587, Sir Francis Dr. ake led his convoy of 31 ships into the port of Cad
2、iz,U (1) /Uthe Spanish navy was being prepared toU (2) /UEngland. The Spanish wereU (3) /Ucompletely by surprise, and Dr. akes men quickly looted, sank or burnt every ship in sight. After clearing the harhour of stores andU (4) /Uoff a Spanish attack,Dr, aka and his shipsU (5) /Uwithout the loss of
3、a single man. Back in England, Dr. aka became a national hero, and his daring attack became known as the “singeing of the King of Spains beard“.As well asU (6) /Uback the Spanish plan to invade England by several months, Dr. akes daring attackU (7) /Uthe success of a popular new drink. For among the
4、 stores that heU (8) /Ufrom Cadiz were 2,900 large barrels of sack, a wine made in the Jerez region of Spain, and theU (9) /Uof todays sherry. The wine makers of Jerez looked for overseas markets, and sack started to take off in England. In 1587, the celebratory drinking of the sack brought back fro
5、m Cadiz by Dr. ake gave it a furtherU (10) /Uand made it hugely fashionable,U (11) /Uits Spanish origin.ForU (12) /Uchemical reasons, sack was an unusually long-lasting andU (13) /Uwine. This made it ideal for taking on long sea voyages,U (14) /Uwhich alcoholic drinks acted as a vital social lubrica
6、nt thatU (15) /Uthe hardship of spending weeks packed into aU (16) /Uship. Columbus took sack with him to the new world in the 1490s, making it the first wine to beU (17) /Uinto the Americas.In 1604, sack wasU (18) /Uofficial recognition ofU (19) /Uwhen James IU (20) /Uan ordinance limiting its cons
7、umption at court. By this time sack was popularly known as sherris-sack (sherris being a corruption of Jerez), which eventually became the modern word sherry.（分数：10.00）A.whereB.whenC.asD.whichA.aggravateB.besiegeC.invadeD.siegeA.seizedB.takenC.capturedD.snappedA.fendingB.fencingC.defeatingD.bringing
8、A.avoidedB.hidedC.brokeD.escapedA.cuttingB.takingC.settingD.dissectingA.stitchedB.sealedC.stuckD.labeledA.robbedB.plunderedC.squanderedD.stoleA.deviantB.variationC.forerunnerD.descendantA.stimulusB.incentiveC.conduciveD.boostA.neverthelessB.notwithstandingC.howeverD.concerningA.obscureB.obsessiveC.o
9、bsceneD.obsoleteA.dryB.robustC.weakD.stiffA.inB.onC.duringD.toA.lessenedB.worsenedC.softenedD.sharpenedA.spaciousB.creptC.campedD.crampedA.soldB.exportedC.importedD.introducedA.conferredB.presentedC.grantedD.offeredA.sortsB.kindsC.sortD.kindsA.announcedB.proclaimedC.claimedD.issued二、BSection Readi(总
10、题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1.BText 1/BThe California Public Employees Retirement System (CalPERS) has positioned itself as the premier champion of investor rights
11、, regularly singling out bad managers at some of the nations largest companies in its annual corporate-governance focus lists. And with $153 billion under management, Wall Street tends to listen when CalPERS speaks out. But the countrys largest pension fund has never taken on as big a fish as it did
12、 Dec. 16, when it filed a class action against the New York Stock Exchange and seven of its member firms. CalPERS suit charges the NYSE and specialist firms with fraud, alleging that the exchange skirted its regulatory duties and allowed its members to trade stocks at the expense of investors.The mo
13、ve is a major slap in the face for the NYSEs recently appointed interim Chairman John Reed. The former Citibank chairman and CEO came on board in September after the exchanges longtime head, Richard Grasso, resigned under pressure over public outrage about his excessive compensation.Reed has been wi
14、dely criticized by CalPERS and other institutional investors for not including representatives of investors on the exchanges newly constituted board and not clearly separating the exchanges regulatory function from its day-to-day operations. The CalPERS lawsuit is evidence that the investment commun
15、ities dissatisfaction hasnt ebbed. “Our hopes were dashed when Mr. Reed didnt perform,“ says Harrigan.The suit alleges that seven specialist firms profited by abusing and overusing a series of trading tactics. The tactics, which are not currently illegal, include “penny lumping, where a firm positio
16、ns itself between two orders to capture a piece of the price differential, “front running“, which involves trading in advance of customers based on confidential information obtained by their orders, and “freezing“ the firms order book so that the firm can make trades on its own account first.Many of
17、 the suits allegations are based on a previously disclosed investigation of the exchange conducted by the Securities but throughout history the practitioners of “pure“ science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions.Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for techno
18、logical innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics,
19、chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics Were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.In recent years a sharp value dis
20、tinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws
21、 of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization, but also that the rate of technological change has develo
22、ped its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technolo
23、gy can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.（分数：10.00）(1).Science is, as the author argues, similar to technology in that _.（分数：2.00）A.it involves a long process of changeB.it focuses on the casual aspects of the material worldC.it resorts to experiments as an exclusive method o
24、f researchD.it is concerned about the theoretical development(2).Which of the following does the author Not agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Scientific activities are deeply involved with those of technology,B.Industrial civilization is largely based on the scientific progress.C.Science and technology move for
25、ward at a comparable speed.D.Either of science and technology is necessary for the advance of each other.(3).The example of the steam engine is presented to _.（分数：2.00）A.refute the belief that industrial progress feeds off scientific ideasB.illustrate the remarkable achievements of industrial civili
26、zationC.indicate that many great inventions originate from the laboratoryD.laws come out much earlier than related functions(4).What does “the practical manifestations. out of control“ (Para. 3) mean?（分数：2.00）A.Technology is losing its traditional practicality.B.Technology is moving further away fro
27、m science.C.Technological progress is benefiting the whole world.D.Technology is threatening the existence of human civilization.(5).The “historians“ as mentioned in the last paragraph regard the technology with _.（分数：2.00）A.absolute enthusiasmB.total indifferenceC.obvious resentmentD.reserved appro
28、val三、BPart B/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BThe following paragraphs are given in a wrong order, for Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A H to fill in each numbered boar. Three paragraphs have been placed for you in boxe
29、s. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1.A. Do the childrens verses of Edward Lear, Hilaire Belloc or the Ahlbergs count as nursery rhymes, or arc those something different altogether? What about playground rhymes, clapping or skipping games, football chants, pop songs or old music-hall songs? What ab
30、out the work of Robert Graves, W. H. Auden, l.ouis MacNeice, even Wordsworth and Byron that uses the form and metre of nursery rhymes, often to hauntingly complex emotional effect. See, its not as simple as it appears.B. If this analysis of the strange phenomenon that is nursery rhymes resembles one
31、 of those maddeningly opaque riddles with which our rude forefathers used to amuse themselves around the fireside of a dark winters evening, it is probably because the lineage of nursery rhymes occupies two quite separate and contradictory traditions-the oral and the written.C. From this diminutive
32、beginning (the book measured just 3in by in), and from A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, published in the same year by John Ncwbery, the first specialist childrens publisher, an entire literature sprang. Suddenly, the random cacophony of the oral tradition-the lullabies, counting games, fragments of folk
33、 songs, mummers plays, political squibs, doggerel, scurrilous adult ballads, riddles and whathaveyou began to be collected and codified into a formal canon, to which the name of “nursery rhymes“ became attached in the early 19th century.D. The satellite childrens channel Nick Jr. is running a compet
34、ition called Time for a New Rhyme. The channel is looking for a “modern nursery rhyme for the new millennium“, which could be “about anything and everything from political and current events to family life“. So, off you go. Except, what is a nursery rhyme, exactly? And how does it differ if, indeed
35、it differs at all-from any other sort of childrens poetry?E. Collectors of anything tend to have obsessive, eccentric and proprietorial tendencies, and from the realm of nursery rhyme there emerged some magnificent specimens. Strangest of all was John Bellenden Ker, who developed a laborious theory
36、designed to prove that English nursery rhymes had emerged from a kind of political protest literature composed in a form of early Dutch (which was in fact his own invention).F. It is certain that the history of nursery rhymes is as old as the history of language. Rhythm and rhyme are not merely the
37、foundations of language learning, but-together with their natural partners, the physical activities of skipping, clapping, jumping, dancing they are the great, free, unbreakable, ever-ready playthings of childhood. Iona Opie, the leading authority on childrens lore and literature, and her late husba
38、nd, Peter, in their introduction to the Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, note a fragment of a childrens song in the Bible (“We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned unto you, and ye have not wept. “)G. But on the whole, references to rhymes specifically intended for childr
39、en are comparatively rare before the 18th century. All this changed swiftly in the mid-18th century, when the first book of nursery rhymes appeared: Tommy Thumbs Pretty Song Book, published by a woman, Mary Cooper, and edited by “N. Lovechild, appeared in 1744 in two volumes, at 4d apiece. A single
40、copy of volume two survives in the British Museum, containing rhymes that are as familiar to the modern as the Georgian nursery: “Bah, bah, a black sheep“, “Who did kill Cock Robbin?“ and “There was a little Man/And he had a little Gun.“H. The ambiguity of what is and isnt a nursery rhyme is compoun
41、ded by the fact that every expert you consult seems to have a different theory. Nick Tucker, a former senior lecturer at the University of Sussex, comes up with the most enigmatic definition. “Its completely self defining,“ he says. “A nursery rhyme is something in a nursery rhyme book. Most antholo
42、gies are not interested in expanding the canon, because when people buy an anthology, they dont want a lot of change. At home, they are singing bits of Beatles songs or football chants to their children, which would once have got into the nursery rhyme canon, if a folklorist had come and collected t
43、hem-but we have got past that stage now.“BOrder:/B（分数：10.00）(1).（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_四、BPart C/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on Answer Sheet 2
44、.A college student becomes so compulsive about cleaning his dorm room that his grades begin to slip. An executive living in New York has a mortal fear of snakes but lives in Manhattan and rarely goes outside the city where he might encounter one. A computer technician, deeply anxious around stranger
45、s, avoids social and company gatherings and is passed over for promotion.Are these people mentally ill?(46) UIn a report released last week, researchers estimated that more than half of Americans would develop mental disorders in their lives, raising questions about where mental health ends and illn
46、ess begins./U(47)U In fact, psychiatrists have no good answer, and the boundary between mental illness and normal mental struggle has become a battle line dividing the profession into two viscerally opposed camps./UOn one side are doctors who say that the definition of mental illness should be broad
47、 enough to include mild conditions, which can make people miserable and often lead to more severe problems later.(48) UOn the other are experts who say that the current definitions should be tightened to ensure that limited resources go to those who need them the most and to preserve the professions
48、 credibility with a public that often scoffs at claims that large numbers of Americans have mental disorders./UThe question is not just philosophical: where psychiatrists draw the line may determine not only the willingness of insurers to pay for services, but the future of research on moderate and mild mental disorders. (49) UDirectly and indirectly, it will also shape the decisions of millions of people who agonize over whether they or their loved ones are in need of help, merely ec
