1、考研英语-397 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Government officials reported three new cases of mad cow, bringing the total so far this year to 99. Last year, France recorded just 31 cases of the mad cow disease. The rising numbers are in part (1) a new testing program that
2、focuses on cows that are most (2) . That program has (3) 39 cases. But still 60 new cases were identified in the usual way, (4) were found in 1999. Many scientists (5) that this year, five years after safety precautions were (6) , the number of cases would be (7) .The rise in cases has (8) some scie
3、ntists to question whether the disease can be transmitted in ways not yet understood. Scientists are still (9) the disease, first recognized in cows in 1986.It appears that it is not caused by a bacteria, virus or fungus, but (10) infectious particles called prion, perhaps (11) a virus or other agen
4、t. The disease kills cells in the brain, (12) it spongy and full of holes.France has taken more steps to (13) safety than most European countries, (14) refusing to take English beef (15) the European Union. But some scientists believe that France has not been (16) in imposing the ban on feed that (1
5、7) animal pans.Some French officials hope that the sudden interest in mad cow disease will mean that French consumers will become educated about it, thereby recognizing that French beef is actually (18) controlled. Every cow is given a passport at birth, and extensive information about its parentage
6、 and (19) it was raised must be (20) to any slaughterhouse. When a diseased animal is found, the entire herd is destroyed.（分数：10.00）A.asB.becauseC.sinceD.due toA.riskingB.in riskC.at riskD.at dangerA.discoveredB.inventedC.identifiedD.disclosedA.moreB.far moreC.far more thanD.less thanA.expectB.expec
7、tedC.have expectedD.had expectedA.put to placeB.put a placeC.put in placeD.put in the placeA.decliningB.incliningC.increasingD.reclaimingA.attemptedB.intendedC.luredD.promptedA.disappointed atB.puzzled byC.amazed atD.critical ofA.stems fromB.developed inC.grew out ofD.generated fromA.grew withB.agre
8、e withC.coincide withD.in concert withA.to leaveB.leftC.leavesD.leavingA.be sureB.ensureC.make sureD.assureA.includingB.excludingC.containingD.enclosingA.abiding byB.in defiance ofC.according toD.in accordance withA.affectiveB.efficientC.effectiveD.affectA.containsB.consists ofC.is made fromD.is mad
9、e up ofA.stiffB.rigidlyC.hardD.roughlyA.whereB.howC.whenD.whyA.subjectedB.submittedC.reportedD.registered二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Hominids started walking on two legs six million years ago, shortly after diverging from chimpanzees, according t
10、o a study of the inner structure of a fossilised thighbone. The finding puts upright posture at the base of the human family tree.The evolution of upright posture is a key issue in anthropology. Together with large brain size, it marks the dividing line between humans and the great apes.Researchers
11、know that upright posture evolved first because the skeleton of famed Australopithecine，Lucy, has a small braincase but modem ankles. Yet with few known fossils older than about four million years, the details of how and when upright posture evolved have been hazy. Over the past few years, however,
12、two important new finds have begun to fill in the gaps.The older animal is Sahelanthropus tchadensis, which lived in Chad six to seven million years ago, but only its hominid cranium was found. More complete is the chimpanzee-sized Orrorin tugenensis, as 20 fossils from at least five individuals hav
13、e been found in Kenya. These are about six million years old.A team led by Brigitte Senut of the French Museum of Natural History in Paris initially classed Orrorin as a hominid, on the human side of the split from chimpanzees. This classification was based on skeletal features, but other anthropolo
14、gists remained sceptical.To address those doubts, Robert Eckhardt of Pennsylvania State University in the US carried out a CT scan on the most complete of Orrorins three thighbones. He hoped that revealing its internal structure would indicate the biomechanical use of the bone.The critical part of e
15、ach thighbonewhich consists of a strong outer cortex and a spongy coreis the neck shaft that connects the top part of bone with the hip joint. Essentially, the thighbones are supporting a horizontal pelvic beam that takes the weight of the head and body. The precise load this places on the thighbone
16、s depends on body posture, and this determines the musculature and structure of the thighbones. In knuckle-walking chimps, the cortex is the same thickness on the top and bottom of the bone. However, bipedal, upright walking applies different forces, which means the codex in humans is at least four
17、times thicker on the bottom part of the bone.Fossilisation usually obscures the internal structures of bones, so “ there arent many hominids in which scanning will work “ , Eckhardt told New Scientist.However, with Orrorin he was lucky. He and a research group including Senut found that the lower pa
18、rt of the thighbone in Orrorin is three times thicker than the uppermaking its walking habits much closer to humans than chimps.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true about Lucy?（分数：2.00）A.She is a famous Australian anthropologist.B.She is a woman who is crazy about modem fashion.C.She is noth
19、ing different from modern humankind.D.She is an evidence of upright posture priority.(2).Which of the following words can substitute for “ hazy “ (Sentence 2, Para. 3)?（分数：2.00）A.foundB.obscureC.ignoredD.deduced(3).Which of the following is true according to the 7th and 8th paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Ones
20、 neck has something to do with the connection of thighbones and the hip joints.B.The key part of a thighbone includes a cortex and a spongy core.C.Body posture decides the weight the thighbones need to support.D.Bipedal walking applies different forces from upright walking.(4).In the sentence “ this
21、 determines the musculature and “ (Para 7), “ this “ refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.the precise loadB.the thighboneC.body postureD.horizontal pelvic beam(5).The best title for the passage might be_.（分数：2.00）A.Difference Between Hominids and ChimpsB.Hi-tech Application in AnthropologyC.Internal Structure of T
22、highboneD.Human Ancestors Walking on Their Feet五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The amount of greenhouse gases weve already pumped into the atmosphere has irreversibly bound us to a certain amount of warming over the next several decades. That means climate change isnt a problem for tomorrowthe effects are h
23、appening now. Already raining patterns seem to be changing, making some drier areas even drier, and rainy regions even wetter. As warmer temperatures creep northward, so do insects and other pests that are adapted to the heat. The population of the tiny mountain pine beetle, which infests pine trees
24、 in the Rocky Mountain region, used to be controlled by freezing winters. But as temperatures have warmed over the past decade, the mountain pine beetles territory has spread, destroying millions of acres of Canadian pines.The pine beetle infestation represents the unique challenges that warming wil
25、l pose for land conservation managers on the front lines of the battle against it. Generations of American conservationists have fought to preserve wildlife and to keep nature pure in the face of a growing population and pollution. But global warming threatens to change all that, by altering the ver
26、y foundation on which the conservation movement was built. What good is a wildlife reserve if the protected animals cant live there, because climate change pushes them out? What difference does it make to defend trees from logging, if global warming will allow a new pest to ruin the whole forests?Th
27、e answer is to adapt the way we practice wildlife and land conservation to climate change Theres a term for thisadaptive management. We need to begin making moves today to adapt to changes that warming will bring decades hence. “ Climate change will affect anything, you name it, “ said Lara Hansen o
28、f EcoAdapt. “ We need to change the way we allocate resources and protect livelihoods. “That means that the way weve been carrying out conservationpicking the right land spaces and playing goaliewont work anymore, as climate change keeps moving the target. Conservationists will have to work even har
29、der, trying to minimize non-climate-related threats to land and species even as the human population grows by billions. Regardless of what we do, the changes will be coming last and the future will bring increased drought, heat waves, rainstorms, extinctions and more. We need to begin cutting our ca
30、rbon immediately, but we need to adapt now as well. The world is changing because of us; to save whats left, well have to change too.（分数：10.00）(1).From the passage we can learn that the pine beetle_.（分数：2.00）A.mainly lives in AmericaB.can hardly survive coldnessC.adapts to extreme weatherD.has no na
31、tural enemies(2).What is the basic change caused by warming to the conservationists?（分数：2.00）A.The foundation of their movement.B.The objects within their protection.C.The purpose of their movement.D.The effects of their protection.(3).Which of the following can be an answer to the current climate c
32、hange according to the author?（分数：2.00）A.To give up their movement.B.To take some adaptive measures.C.To do nothing but wait and see.D.To change their protecting objects.(4).What does the author imply by saying “ the way weve been carrying out conservationpicking the right land spaces and playing go
33、aliewont work anymore “ (Line 1-2, Para.4)?（分数：2.00）A.Conservationists should keep changing their land spaces.B.Conservationists wont find any land spaces to protect.C.Conservationists role will have to be changed.D.Conservationists work will become much harder.(5).According to the author, what shou
34、ld be done in the face of climate change?（分数：2.00）A.To control the growth of human population.B.To shift the focus to climate-related threats.C.To adapt ourselves to the climate change.D.To do something to delay the climate change.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Its generally been said that history is writt
35、en by the winners. This was never more true than on March 12, when the Texas board of education voted 10-5 in favour of curriculum standards that would promote conservative takes on controversial issues in the pages of the states textbooks. The changes, expected to win final approval in May, include
36、 an increased emphasis on and sympathetic treatment of such Republican standards as the National Rifle Association and the Moral Majority. They also boast the advantage of capitalism and the role of Christianity in the nations founding. Even Thomas Jeffersons profile will be reduced; some board memb
37、ers were less than fond of his ideas about the division of church and state.This is not Texas first such skirmish. Since the 1970s, the state has tried to drop books that were seen as too liberal or anti-Christian, to omit passages on the gay-rights movement and to tone down global-warming arguments
38、. But the nations battle over textbooks stretches back almost half a century earlier. In 1925, Tennessees Butler Act (which was abolished in 1967) made it illegal to teach “ any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible. “ The Scopes “ monkey trial“ famously f
39、ollowed. In 1974, a clash erupted in Kanawba County, West Virginia, over the controversial writings of such authors as George or well, Arthur Miller and Allen Ginsberg, Opposition was so heated that some schools were firebombed. As one of Americas largest textbook buyers, the Longhorn State has a go
40、od deal of sway over what is sold to schools nationwide. And while Napoleon may have maintained that “ history is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon, “ getting Texans to come together on the past may prove to be their Waterloo.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be learned from the f
41、irst paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.the Texas board of education voted to decide whether to teach history in schoolsB.the problems of the capitalist society are criticized in the Texan textbooksC.the political standard in Texan textbooks is more similar to that of the RepublicansD.most Texas education b
42、oard members are for the division of church and state(2).The word “ skirmish “ (Line 1, Para.2) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.accidentB.conflictC.challengeD.disaster(3).Which of the following is true according to the second paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The Texans hold a favourable attitude towards religio
43、n.B.The Texans are sympathetic with the gay-rights movement.C.It was illegal to teach religion in Tennessean schools in 1920s.D.George Orwell was widely hailed by West Virginians in 1970s.(4).What can be learned from the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Longhorn State is the largest textbook printer in the
44、 US.B.The textbook choice in many American schools is affected by Longhorn State.C.The Texans share the same opinion with Napoleon about past events.D.The Texans would eventually reach an agreement on the choice of textbooks.(5).Whats the authors main purpose in writing this passage?（分数：2.00）A.To de
45、scribe the winners in history.B.To reveal the social problem in America.C.To give a brief account of Napoleons opinion.D.To illustrate the textbook wars in the U. S.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)More than 40 million Americans between the ages of 5 and 18 attend schools throughout the United States. About
46、2 million school-age children are taught at home. While home schooling offers an alternative to the school environment, it has become a controversial issue.Many public school advocates take a harsh attitude toward home schoolers, perceiving their actions as the ultimate slap in the face of public ed
47、ucation and a damaging move for the children. Yet, as public school officials realize they stand little to gain by remaining hostile to the home-school population, the hard lines seem to be softening a bit. Some public schools have moved closer to tolerance, and，even in some cases, are seeking coope
48、ration with home schoolers. “ We are becoming relatively tolerant of home schoolers. Lets give the kids access to public school so theyll see its not as terrible as theyve been told, and theyll want to come back, “ says John Marshall, an education official.Perhaps, but dont count on it, say home-sch
49、ool advocates. Some home schoolers oppose that public school system because they have strong convictions that their approach to educationwhether fueled by religious belief or the individual childs interests and natural paceis best. Other home schoolers contend “ not so much that the schools teach heresy, but that schools teach whatever they teach inappropriately.“ “These parents are highly independent and strive to take responsibility for their own lives within a society that they define as bureaucratic and ineffic
