1、考研英语 223及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sources that are uncovered 3 many
2、 forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historians use of evidence is much mo
3、re 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or 12 a correspondent was addres
4、sing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on primary sources. The function of
5、 the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historians point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primary source at the time it was 1
6、9 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history. （分数：1.00）(1).Historians are detectives searching out the evidence of the past in their pursuit of history. This is a challenging and frequently engaging quest 1 its own, but evidence must be turned to 2 . Primary sour
7、ces that are uncovered 3 many forms that vary 4 the questions asked and the period studied, but written records are 5 historians use more than any other. The historian does not 6 evidence in the manner of courts of law, where questions of admissibility and truth versus falsehood are 7 . The historia
8、ns use of evidence is much more 8 Determining how and with what end 9 mind any piece of evidence came into existence are the first tasks 10 the historian in the internal criticism of historical sources. It is important to know, for instance, who 11 a particular census and with what instructions, or
9、12 a correspondent was addressing a friend or foe, colleague or opponent. For many years historians divided evidence into the two 13 of primary and secondary sources. The former were considered as any 14 or artifact from the period 15 study, the latter as descriptions or reconstructions based on pri
10、mary sources. The function of the historian, it was 16 , was to convert primary sources into secondary sources. This 17 misleads. What have been called secondary sources am not historical sources at all, but 18 that reveal the historians point of view. All evidence used by the historian was a primar
11、y source at the time it was 19 and it is always partial and incomplete. Therein lies part of the 20 of history. （分数：0.05）A.forB.onC.byD.inA.accountB.functionC.validityD.referenceA.whichB.whatC.thatD.whoA.assessB.assignC.justifyD.testifyA.prominentB.predominantC.prevalentD.proficientA.smartB.briskC.s
12、ubtleD.accurateA.ofB.inC.atD.onA.fascinatingB.facilitatingC.frontingD.facingA.forgedB.initiatedC.collectedD.conductedA.whyB.howC.whenD.whetherA.categoriesB.catalogsC.classicsD.criteriaA.fileB.eventC.recordD.documentA.presentB.undertakeC.presumeD.assumeA.duringB.underC.uponD.beforeA.maintainedB.confi
13、rmedC.emphasizedD.adheredA.diversionB.distributionC.distortionD.distinctionA.interventionsB.interpretationsC.presentationsD.comprehensionsA.exposedB.uncoveredC.generatedD.createdA.fascinationB.contradictionC.imperfectionD.implicationA.intoB.fromC.withD.about二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Study th
14、e following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its meaning,and 3) state your plan to do so. You should write about 160 -200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you sh
15、ould 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its meaning,and 3) state your plan to do so. You should write about 160 -200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to ta
16、p the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for. Nonetheless, many compani
17、es still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,“ says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with establ
18、ished business partners who are given access to the companys private internet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull“ customers into sites. In the past
19、year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push“ information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and adv
20、ertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product of
21、ferings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the
22、 Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of produc
23、ts with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies
24、 took the online plunge. （分数：1.00）(1).We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business_.（分数：0.25）A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.tried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one year or so(2).Speaking of the online technol
25、ogy available for marketing, the author implies that_.（分数：0.25）A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established partners(3).In the view of Net purists _.（
26、分数：0.25）A.there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information without requests(4).We learn from the last paragraph that_.（分数：0.25）A.pus
27、hing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerWild Bill Donovan would ha
28、ve loved the Intemet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War and later laid the roots for the (CIA) was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game“ of espionage-spying as a “profession.“ These days the
29、 Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan s vocation as well. The latest revolution isn t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three
30、 or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open- source intelligence,“ and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Bumndi. The win
31、ner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straifford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straifford ma
32、kes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www. straitford, com. Straifford President George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of
33、mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we II suddenly get 500 new Intemet singe-ups from Ukr
34、aine,“ says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we 11 hear back from some of them.“ Open- source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That s where Straifford earns its keep. Fridman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin
35、.Several of his staff members have military- intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straifford s briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford,
36、says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. （分数：1.00）(1). The emergence of the Net has（分数：0.20）A.received support from fans like Donovan.B.remolded the intelligence services.C.restored many common pastimes.D.revived spying as a profession.(2).Donovan s story is mentioned in the text to（分数：0
37、.20）A.introduce the topic of online spying.B.show how he fought for the U.S.C.give an episode of the information war.D.honor his unique services to the CIA.(3).The phrase“ making the biggest splash“( line 1, paragraph 3)most probably means（分数：0.20）A.causing the biggest trouble.B.exerting the greates
38、t effort.C.achieving the greatest success.D.enjoying the widest popularity.(4). It can be learned from paragraph 4 that（分数：0.20）A.Straiffords prediction about Ukraine has proved true.B.Straifford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.C.Straiffords business is characterized by unpredictabili
39、ty.D.Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.(5). Straifford is most proud of its（分数：0.20）A.official status.B.nonconformist image.C.efficient staff.D.military backgroundA report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans w
40、ere to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians ,and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small- minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made
41、so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were w
42、elcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone travelling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice
43、for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didnt take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable o
44、rganizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon
45、 he invited me home for dinneramazing. “Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed c
46、ultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors wh
47、o fail to“ translate“ cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend“, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitors language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to d
48、istinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. （分数：1.00）(1). In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _.（分数：0.25）A.rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the USB.smal
49、l-minded officials deserve a serious commentC.Canadians are not so friendly as their neighborsD.most Americans are ready to offer help(2).It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _.（分数：0.25）A.culture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipB.courteous convention and individual interest are interrelatedC.various virtues manifest themselves exclusiv
