1、考研英语 628及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous
2、 structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patien
3、ts he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contr
4、ast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to
5、propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain
6、as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax,
7、 claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the le
8、ft frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made anot
9、her startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithstan
10、dingA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analyz
11、edB.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数
12、：1.00)1. (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protection (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protecti
13、on* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)To what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work, and how far has the State an obligation to ensure that they have work to do? It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyo
14、nd their control, and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest of the community. But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of 1971-2
15、. Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the Depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round, so the
16、re were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out, and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed. In 1972 there were critics who said that the States action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act, a breaking of the social contra
17、ct between society and the worker. Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemploymentsuch as laying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximize profitstended to be ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract, by not
18、 fulfilling their duty to society to work. In spite of general concern at the scale of the unemployment statistics, when the unemployed were considered as individuals, they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of soc
19、iety became suspect. Of all the myths of the Welfare State, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been the least well-founded on evidence, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about
20、 the States obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through Social Security. Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as
21、 a service, not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the State, and supported if necessary? And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work. so that the workless need work rather than just cash?
22、 （分数：1.00）(1). It is the authors belief that（分数：0.20）A.unemployment must lead to depression of national economy.B.the unemployed are the victims of economical development.C.unemployment should be kept under control by industrial forces.D.the unemployed are denied responsibility for technological pro
23、gress.(2).What the author proposes to examine is whether（分数：0.20）A.the unemployed or the State is liable for unemployment.B.the State should discard those for their being laid off.C.the unemployed or the State should make work compulsory.D.the State or the individual is to perform his social obligat
24、ions.(3).The basic disagreement about the essence of work rests on whether or not（分数：0.20）A.the unemployed ought to be supported by society as a whole.B.the State realizes that people work for more than just money.C.the jobless are guaranteed regular employment and benefits.D.the State has to secure
25、 workers against frequent unemployment.(4).The effect of the 1971-2 unemployment scare was to（分数：0.20）A.arouse great anxiety about the unavailability of work.B.cause much concern for the benefits to the unemployed.C.make the subject of unemployment controversial again.D.show there being too little w
26、ork to go round again.(5).According to the author, in the 1971-2 crisis（分数：0.20）A.the State and the employers were equally blameworthy.B.the unemployed did not fulfil their social duty to find jobs.C.the employers role in creating unemployment was concealed.D.the State was guilty of breaking the soc
27、ial contract.We have to realise how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as “aged“ when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this. Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above
28、 65, all are in Northwestern Europe. We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be- at least, for any future that concerns us now. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be add
29、ed, some of them only recently recognised. There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths. There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio- the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can-
30、is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged. There is the appreciation of the historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudde
31、n change. If “revolution“ is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyo
32、ne over 50. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. These facts and circumstances had a leading position at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France. There is often resistance to the idea that i
33、t is because the birth rate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of cont
34、inued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it. If you are in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can
35、expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, really aged societies may include（分数：0.20）A.all developed nations without exc
36、eption.B.every one of Western European countries.C.Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.D.Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.(2).The author argues that the main cause of aged societies is（分数：0.20）A.not so much the decrease in deathrate as the fall in birthrate.B.no more the increase in bi
37、rthrate than that in deathrate.C.not the drop in deathrate any more than the rise in birthrate.D.as much the growth in birthrate as the decline in deathrate.(3).The author asserts his belief that（分数：0.20）A.the growth in number of the old is liable for the fall in that of the young.B.the unusual stat
38、ement about the main cause of aged societies is quite valid.C.the greater dependency of babies is subject to the change in social structure.D.the favorable conditions for continued living are perfect in modern societies.(4).Older societies are superior to younger ones in that（分数：0.20）A.old people ar
39、e more dependent than babies.B.children are more handicapped than the aged.C.the inactive aged are more reliable than children.D.infants are more of a handicap than the elderly.(5).The writer is most probably in favor of the statement that（分数：0.20）A.an advanced society is to suffer a gradual change
40、from young to old.B.people near 60 in developed societies may witness social reshaping.C.the world conference about aging was held as a challenge to current policy.D.a man aged thirty can expect to live up to sixty, and a woman still longer.Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments i
41、t prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious a
42、bout the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didnt they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon a
43、nd the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don
44、t have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find
45、 the “scientific method“ a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said“ the data are still inconclusive.“ “We
46、 know that,“ the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?“ The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own
47、 writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicat
48、e, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keepi
49、ng one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls“ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers “who work well with the team.“ （分数：1.00）(1).The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton tha
