1、考研英语-635 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Digital photography is still new enough that most of us have yet to form an opinion about it (1) develop a point of view. But this hasnt stopped many film and computer fans from agreeing (2) the early conventional wisdom about d
2、igital cameras theyre neat (3) for your PC, but theyre not suitable for everyday picture taking.The fans are wrong. More than anything else, digital cameras are radically (4) what photography means and what it can be. The venerable medium of photography (5) we know, it is beginning to seem out of (6
3、) with the way we live. In our computer and camcorder (7) , saving pictures as digital (8) and watching them on TV is no less practical and in many ways more (9) than fumbling with rolls of film that must be sent off to be (10) .Paper is also terribly (11) . Pictures that are incorrectly framed, (12
4、) , or lighted are nonetheless committed to film and ultimately processed into prints.The digital medium changes the (13) . Still images that are (14) digitally can immediately be shown on a computer (15) , a TV screen, or a small liquid crystal display (LCD) built right into the camera. And since t
5、he points of light that (16) an image are saved as a series of digital bits in electronic memory, (17) being permanently etched onto film, they can be erased, retouched, and transmitted (18) .Whats it like to (19) with one of these digital cameras? Its a little like a first date exciting, confusing
6、and fraught with (20) .（分数：10.00）A.rather thanB.let aloneC.much lessD.so as toA.onB.withC.toD.byA.attachmentsB.auxiliariesC.attributesD.counterpartsA.reexplainingB.rearrangingC.reexposingD.redefiningA.thoughB.ifC.asD.unlessA.rateB.paceC.stepD.speedA.environmentB.civilizationC.communityD.cultureA.fil
7、esB.documentariesC.programsD.softwaresA.appealingB.facilitatingC.enlighteningD.encouragingA.convertedB.developedC.exposedD.evolvedA.unforgivingB.unperceivingC.unconsideringD.unsympathizingA.aimedB.targetedC.focusedD.pointedA.regulationsB.rulesC.disciplinesD.principlesA.grippedB.seizedC.graspedD.capt
8、uredA.demonstratorB.exhibitorC.monitorD.transmitterA.constituteB.illuminateC.penetrateD.dissolveA.in caseB.rather thanC.as well asD.as thoughA.on-digitB.on-cableC.on-lineD.on-dataA.fireB.maneuverC.operateD.shootA.chancesB.probabilitiesC.opportunitiesD.possibilities二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
9、三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Most towns up to Elizabethan times were smaller than a modern village and each of them was built around its weekly market where local produce was brought for sale and the town folks sold their work to the people from the countryside and provided them wi
10、th refreshment for the day. Trade was virtually confined to that one day even in a town of a thousand or so people. On market days craftsmen put up their stalls in the open air whilst on one or two other days during the week the townsman would pack up his loaves, or nails, or cloth, and set out earl
11、y to do a days trade in the market of an adjoining town where, however, he would be charged a heavy toll for the privilege and get a less favourable spot for his stand than the local craftsmen. Another chance for him to make a sale was to the congregation gathered for Sunday morning worship. Althoug
12、h no trade was allowed anywhere during the hours of the service (except at annual fair times), after church there would be some trade at the church door with departing country folk.The trade of markets was almost wholly concerned with exchanging the products of the nearby countryside and the goods s
13、old in the market but particularly in food retail dealing was distrusted as a kind of profiteering. Even when there was enough trade being done to afford a livelihood to an enterprising man ready to buy wholesale and sell retail, town authorities were reluctant to allow it.Yet there were plainly peo
14、ple who were tempted to “forestall the market” by buying goods outside it, and to “regrate” them, that is to resell them, at a higher price. The constantly repeated rules against these practices and the endlessly recurring prosecutions mentioned in the records of all the larger towns prove that some
15、 well-informed and sharp-witted people did these things.Every town made its own laws and if it was big enough to have craft guilds, these associations would regulate the business of their members and tried to enforce a strict monopoly of their own trades. Yet while the guild leaders, as craftsmen, f
16、ollowed fiercely protectionist policies, at the same time, as leading townsmen, they wanted to see a big, busy market yielding a handsome revenue in various dues and tolls. Conflicts of interest led to endless, minute regulations, changeable, often inconsistent, frequently absurd. There was a time i
17、n the fourteenth century, for example, when London fishmongers were not allowed to handle any fish that had not already been exposed for sale for three days by the men who caught it.（分数：10.00）(1).We know from Paragraph 1 that craftsmen（分数：2.00）A.sold all of their goods on market days.B.could sell th
18、eir goods during Sunday morning services.C.coud do trades in neighbour towns freely.D.didnt have chance to do trades everyday.(2).Craftsmen might prefer to trade in their own town because（分数：2.00）A.there they could easily find good refreshment.B.there they could work in the open air.C.there they cou
19、ld start work very early.D.there they could have the well-placed stalls.(3).In medieval markets there was little retail trade because（分数：2.00）A.money was never used in sales.B.producers sold directly to consumers.C.there was not enough trade being done.D.town authorities were unwilling to make a pro
20、fit.(4).The expression “forestall the market” ( Line 1, Para. 3) probably means（分数：2.00）A.to buy goods from a stall outside the market place.B.to acquire goods in quantity before the market.C.to have the best and the first stall in the market.D.to sell at a higher price than competitors.(5).It is su
21、ggested in the last paragraph that craft guilds（分数：2.00）A.enforced regulations that were unfair and unreasonable.B.enforced regulations in the interest of the customers.C.regulated the business of their town to profit the craftsmen.D.were developed to forbid the monopoly.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Char
22、les Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einsteins second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said “I do” to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts of Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins.In the U. S.,
23、though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social hut legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bear children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cous
24、ins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses.That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects about two
25、 percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the studys lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: “Aside from a thorough medical family history, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of consanguinity
26、 alone”.Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. “Just this week,” says Bennett, “I saw a 23-year-old woman who had had a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her sh
27、e shouldnt have children.”The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the “savage” Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. “The truth is that Europe
28、ans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not.”And doesnt God have stern words on the subject? Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousins son Mark. “I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings,” she re
29、calls, “that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages.” The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Leah. Smith married Mark in 1999.The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take
30、longer to disappear.（分数：10.00）(1).It is suggested in Paragraph 1 and 2 that the cousin marriage（分数：2.00）A.resembles incest in nature.B.puts cousin couples to shame.C.always causes serious genetic disorders.D.is a common phenomenon across the world.(2).Which of the following is true of the study publ
31、ished in the Journal of Genetic Counseling?（分数：2.00）A.It suggests kids of first cousins suffer from heart defects.B.It was funded by its lead author Robin Bennett.C.It will change peoples opinion of cousin marriages.D.It has lifted the medical ban and removed the social stain.(3).The word “consangui
32、nity” (Line 6, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.cousin.B.kinship.C.congenital.D.genetic disorders.(4).Why did Christie Smith resort to the Bible?（分数：2.00）A.Because God has stern words on cousin marriages.B.Because the Bible supports cousin marriages.C.Because she felt guilty falling in lo
33、ve with her cousins son.D.Because she wanted to know Gods words on cousin marriages.(5).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.the ban on cousin marriages is lifted.B.cousin marriages are permitted again.C.the prejudice against cousin marriages dies hard.D.cousin marriages may not
34、 be as bad as people think.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Concrete is probably used more widely than any other substance except water, yet it remains largely unappreciated. “Some people view the 20th century as the atomic age, the space age, the computer age but an argument can be made that it was the conc
35、rete age,” says cement specialist Hendrik Van Oss. “Its a miracle material.” Indeed, more than a ton of concrete is produced each year for every man, woman and child on Earth. Yet concrete is generally ignored outside the engineering world, a victim of its own ubiquity and the industrys conservative
36、 pace of development. Now, thanks to environmental pressures and entrepreneurial innovation, a new generation of concretes is emerging. This high-tech assortment of concrete confections promises to be stronger, lighter, and more environmentally friendly than ever before.Concrete is also a climate-ch
37、ange villain. It is made by mixing water with an aggregate, such as sand or gravel, and cement. Cement is usually made by heating limestone and clay to over 2,500 degrees F. The resulting chemical reaction, along with fuel burned to heat the kiln, produces between 7% and 10% of global carbon-dioxide
38、 emissions. “When we have to repeatedly regenerate these materials because theyre not durable, we release more emissions,” says Victor Li who has created a concrete suffused by synthetic fibers that make it stronger, more durable, and able to bend like a metal. Lis creation does not require reinforc
39、ement, a property shared by other concretes that use chemical additives. Using less water makes concrete stronger, but until the development of plasticizers, it also made concrete sticky, dry, and hard to handle, says Christian Meyer, a civil engineering professor at Columbia University.Making stron
40、ger concretes, says Li, allows less to be used, reducing waste and giving architects more freedom. “You can have such futuristic designs if you dont have to put rebar in there, or structural beams,” says Van Oss. A more directly “green” c6nerete has been developed by the Australian company TecEeo. T
41、hey add magnesium to their cement, forming a porous concrete that actually scrubs carbon dioxide from the air.While experts agree that these new concrete will someday be widely used, the timetable is uncertain. Concrete companies are responsive to environmental concerns and are always looking to str
42、etch the utility of their product, but the construction industry is slow to change. “When you start monkeying around with materials, the governing bodies, the building departments, are very cautious before they let you use an unproven material,” Meyer says. In the next few decades, says Van Oss, bui
43、lding codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term costs will also change is another matter.（分数：10
44、.00）(1).By saying “it was the concrete age”(Line 3, Para. 1), Van Oss means that（分数：2.00）A.the traditional building material concrete is the only man-made miracle.B.concrete is indispensable in the development of modern construction industry.C.compared with other inventions, concrete is more practic
45、al and useful.D.concrete, as a building material, can be mixed with any other materials.(2).By saying “a victim of its own ubiquity and the industrys conservative pace of development” (Line 5-6, Para. 1) , the author means that（分数：2.00）A.concrete suffers from its widely application as well as the sl
46、ow development of building industry.B.concrete is not appreciated because of its dull color and other drawbacks, with little improvement as a building material.C.slow progress of building industry does harm to the application and popularity of concrete.D.concrete is ignored because it is conventiona
47、l with little advance in its technology.(3).According to the text, concrete is also a “climate-change villain” mainly because（分数：2.00）A.sand or gravel has to be used as an aggregate in the process of mixing.B.the materials which are used to make concrete are not durable.C.recycling of concrete is qu
48、ite difficult when concrete breaks down.D.chemical reaction in manufacturing cement emits carbon-dioxide world-wide.(4).Which of the following is true about Lis new “green” concrete?（分数：2.00）A.The new concrete will greatly reduce the cost of production and construction.B.Traditional concrete is stro
49、nger, lighter and climate-friendly compared with new concrete.C.Traditional concrete grants more freedom in design and construction compared with new concrete.D.The new concrete requires no reinforcement in preparation.(5).The last sentence of the text shows that（分数：2.00）A.Van Oss has full confidence in the developers and the public in using new concrete.B.Van Oss is pessimistic about the future development of greener concrete.C.Van Oss is hostile to the attitudes of developers and the public.D.Van Oss feels that people should be patient to wait for the ch
