1、考研英语 283及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work is well done, a -|_|- of accident-fr
2、ee operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others d
3、epend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- . The fewer the injury -|_|- , the be
4、tter the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work
5、 is well done, a -|_|- of accident-free operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practice
6、s by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|-
7、. The fewer the injury -|_|- , the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. （分数：1.00）A.atB.inC.onD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2
8、) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) . Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures
9、to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, fr
10、iends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War . As families
11、move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of informa
12、tion about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information a
13、vailable than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and
14、 delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the se
15、nding of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in d
16、ispute can be settled Without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and
17、 complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power“ may well be the truest sa
18、ying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people. （分数：1.00）(1). The word “it“ ( line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to_.（分数：0.25）A.the lack of stable communitiesB.the breakdown of informal information channelsC.the increased mobility of familiesD.the growing number
19、 of people moving from place to place(2). The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that_.（分数：0.25）A.they have to learn new things consciouslyB.they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy informationC.they have difficulty obtaining the needed information read
20、ilyD.they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family(3). From the passage we can infer that_.（分数：0.25）A.electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messagesB.it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information eraC.people will spend l
21、ess time holding meeting or conferencesD.events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites(4).We can learn from the last paragraph that_.（分数：0.25）A.it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possibleB.people should make the best use of the information accessibleC.we should realize th
22、e importance of accumulating informationD.it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyA “greenhouse effect“ will raise the earths temperature enough by the year 2100 to cause dramatic climate changes, increase sea levels and disrupt food production, United States scientists sa
23、id this week. The earths atmosphere is heating at a rate that could mean temperature rises of two degrees centigrade by the middle of the 21st century and five degrees centigrade by the year 2100, according to a report issued by the US governments Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “Substantial
24、increases in global warming may occur sooner than most of us would like to believe,“ the EPA said. The agency said the first effects might be felt as early as 1990, because temperatures would be rising more than seven times faster each decade between now and the year 2100 than they had been for the
25、past 100 years. “Temperature increases are likely to be accompanied by dramatic changes in precipitation and storm patterns and a rise in global average sea level,“ the EPA report said. “As a result,“ the agency said, “agricultural conditions will be significantly altered, environmental and economic
26、 systems potentially disrupted.“ The EPA report said the burning of fossil fuels was directly responsible for most of the atmosphere build-up of carbon dioxide but the current concentration is so great that even a worldwide ban on the use of such fuels would delay the warming effect for only a few y
27、ears. “A warmer climate will raise sea levels by heating and expanding the worlds oceans and causing glaciers to melt,“ the EPA said. The agency estimated that sea levels could rise anything between 48 to 380 cm in the next 120 years. “An increase of even 48 cm could flood or cause storm damage to m
28、any of the major ports of the world, disrupt transportation networks, alter underwater ecology systems and cause major shifts in land development patterns.“ One study cited in the report suggested that if the average global temperature rose by 2.5 degrees centigrade, regional climatic conditions mig
29、ht be similar to those during the last interglacial period 120,000 years ago. During this period, oceans were five to seven metres higher than todays, flooding the shores of Europe and western Siberia and making Scandinavia an island. The agency said that while the warming trend could have some bene
30、ficial effects, such as reducing heating costs and improving climate and growing seasons in some parts of the world, there would be difficulty in redirecting national economies to adapt to the new climate patterns. The EPA said it seemed unlikely that the nations of the world would reach a consensus
31、 on step to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Instead, it urged more research on the greenhouse effect and stressed the need for better planning to cope with the changes the warming trend is expected to produce. （分数：1.00）(1).As a result of the rising of the earths temperature, by 2100（分数：0.20）A.a gre
32、enhouse effect will occur drastically.B.worlds climate will defy inhabitation.C.agriculture will be thrown into disorder.D.most coastal cities will be submerged.(2). Which of the following is included in the EPA report?（分数：0.20）A.The greenhouse theory seems controversial.B.World temperature will ris
33、e by 7 in 100 years.C.Most people anticipate slow global warming.D.The global warming rate may be underestimated.(3).Which of the points below is NOT given in the news report?（分数：0.20）A.After all, people will benefit much from the greenhouse effect.B.World nations disagree on ways to lessen CO2 disc
34、harge.C.Further study on warming effect is strongly recommended.D.Elaborate designing for tackling greenhouse problem is emphasized.(4).The report says that if the use of fossil fuels were banned（分数：0.20）A.the earth might cease getting warmer perceivably.B.the earth would slow its pace of warming ev
35、enly.C.the warming process would be affected slightly.D.the warming trend would be checked gradually.(5).The EPA warns us that unless the rise in the earths temperature were restrained,（分数：0.20）A.the continents would be flooded within a century.B.economic inadaptation would be inescapable.C.world cl
36、imate would return to that of the Ice Age.D.Europe would sink to the bottom of the Atlantic.Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is like
37、ly to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. T
38、he current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marat
39、hon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!“ By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are som
40、ewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future em
41、ployment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations
42、as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_.（分数：0.25）A.impatientB.considerateC.aggressiveD.agreeable(2).The author is strongl
43、y opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_.（分数：0.25）A.the pressure is too great on the studentsB.some students are bound to failC.failure rates are too highD.the results of examinations are doubtful(3). The selection of medical professionals are currently based on_.（分数：0.25）A.cand
44、idates sensitivityB.academic achievementsC.competitive spiritD.surer values(4).From the passage we can draw the conclusion that_.（分数：0.25）A.the personality of a child is well established at birthB.family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristicsC.the development of ones personality is
45、due to multiple factorsD.B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive societyAll the characteristics and abilities a person acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic, though complex, processes: learning and maturation. Since the two processes almost always interact, i
46、t is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a childs development. Clearly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such as walking, depend on maturation and l
47、earning, and the interaction between them. What, then, are maturation and learning? Developmental psychologists are not entirely in agreement, though there is a common core of accepted meaning. Thus all definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes occurring within an indi
48、viduals body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age. Learning has also been defined in diverse ways, but the term generally refers to changes in behavior or performa
