1、考研英语 161及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its main idea, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20
8、 points) . Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its main idea, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)An inv
9、isible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-indeed, contradiction-which
10、 goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education. Justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise
11、everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather,we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But
12、 this was not always the case, before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept tha
13、t everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often empha
14、size the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. There are some good arguments for a technical education given the fight kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the
15、professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where th
16、e economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well- developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course,the bas
17、ics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, and entirely different story. Basic computer skills take-at the very longest-a couple of months to lea
18、rn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skillsthat are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose. （分数：1.00）(1).The author thinks the present
19、rush to put computers in the classroom is_.（分数：0.25）A.far-reachingB.dubiously orientedC.serf-contradictoryD.radically reformatory(2).The belief that education is indispensable to all children _.（分数：0.25）A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB.came into being along with the arrival of computersC.
20、is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-education advocatesD.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries(3).It could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the European model of professional training is_.（分数：0.25）A.dependent upon the starting age of candid
21、atesB.worth trying in various social sectionsC.of little practical valueD.attractive to every kind of professional(4).According to the author, basic computer skills should be_.（分数：0.25）A.included as an auxiliary course in schoolB.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsC.mastered th
22、rough a life-long courseD.equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseIts a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a
23、 successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every po
24、ssible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might-surprise! - fall off. The label on a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.“ While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug inter
25、actions, for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be tur
26、ning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football p
27、layer who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “Were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,“ says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. At the same
28、time, the American Law Institute-a group of judge, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information c
29、an get buried in a sea of trivialities,“ says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal lia
30、bility. （分数：1.00）(1).What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?（分数：0.25）A.Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.B.Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.C.Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.D.Juries tended to fin
31、d fault with the compensations companies promised.(2).Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to_.（分数：0.25）A.satisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsB.become honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsC.make the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityD.feel oblig
32、ed to view customers safety as their first concern(3).The ease of Schutt helmet demonstrated that_.（分数：0.25）A.some injury claims were no longer supported by lawB.helmets were not designed to prevent injuriesC.product labels would eventually be discardedD.some sports games might lose popularity with
33、athletes(4).The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be_.（分数：0.25）A.biasedB.indifferentC.puzzlingD.objectiveAll the characteristics and abilities a person acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic, though complex, processes: learning and maturation. Since the two processes
34、almost always interact, it is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a childs development. Clearly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such as walking, d
35、epend on maturation and learning, and the interaction between them. What, then, are maturation and learning? Developmental psychologists are not entirely in agreement, though there is a common core of accepted meaning. Thus all definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes
36、 occurring within an individuals body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age. Learning has also been defined in diverse ways, but the term generally refers to
37、changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience. Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures as distinguished from changes not attributable to training. A number of important and stimulating theories of learning have been propos
38、ed, each with its own set of principles and hypotheses for explaining the learning process. For our purposes, we do not need to be concerned with the specific details of the learning process, even though learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change. We shall emplo
39、y only a few generally accepted principles of learning in this discussion. Specifically, we accept the principle that a child will learn a response more effectively and more thoroughly if he is motivated to learn it. Moreover, he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it. Accord
40、ing to this view, the more a response is rewarded, the stronger it becomes and the more likely it is to be repeated. Although most learning involves motivation and reward, I believe some learning does occur without them. As for the interrelationships between maturation and learning process, a genera
41、l principle may be provided: maturation is essential to learning. （分数：1.00）(1).As is stated in the text, learning（分数：0.20）A.is generally a complex physiological process.B.has nothing to do with organic developmentC.is mostly independent of ones surroundings.D.concerns the gaining of knowledge or ski
42、ll.(2). A childs development depends on（分数：0.20）A.learning process in particularB.either natural growth or education.C.both physical and mental progress.D.maturation process in the main.(3). The subject discussed in the text mainly belongs to the realm of（分数：0.20）A.psychological biology.B.developmen
43、tal psychology.C.biological psychology.D.evolutional physiology.(4). Which is NOT true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Physical growth of a child is an attribute of maturation.B.Organic development has close reference to ones age.C.Maturation stems from accumulation of personal experience.D.Learnin
44、g plays a vital role in improving a persons behavior.(5). In the authors opinion,（分数：0.20）A.learning is indispensible to ones advancement.B.few principles of learning are widely approved.C.a child learns nothing unless he has desire for it.D.learning is subject to substantial stimulation.Why crime h
45、as risen so much further and faster in Britain than in any other rich country over the past half-century is anybodys guess. Maybe its the result of near-American levels of relative poverty and family breakdown combined with a European reluctance to bang up quite such a large proportion of the popula
46、tion as America does. Anyway, the long-term causes are of less immediate interest to the government than a short-term solution. Popular concern about crime is rising:23% of people rated it as one of the most important issues for the govenment at the beginning of this year;34% do now. An official rep
47、ort concluding that the criminal justice system is failing has added to the governments problems. The Audit (审计) Commission, the governments watchdog, says that the police too often charge suspects with the wrong offences, use inaccurate computerized information and face serious inefficiencies in th
48、e forensic science (the use of scientific methods by the police) service. Court delays alone are costing taxpayers 80m( 120m) a year. The result is that few criminals are brought to justice and even fewer convicted. Only 6% of the more than 5m offences recorded by the police last year resulted in a conviction. Hardly surprising, the
